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🥙 Nutrition Vault/100% fruit juice and CVD risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33150530/
#nutrition
#disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#fruit
#juice
#stroke
#mortality
#epidemiology

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/AGEs and health markers.md Normal file
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Sukino, Shin, et al. ‘Effects of a Low Advanced Glycation End Products Diet on Insulin Levels: The Feasibility of a Crossover Comparison Test’. _Journal of Clinical Medicine Research_, vol. 10, no. 5, May 2018, pp. 405–10. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3301w.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29581803/
**Between Group Results:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220219170000.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>This is the first study to investigate the effects of a low-AGE diet on insulin levels in non-diabetic Asian subjects. As a result, although the AUC results for insulin levels did not reach significance between the normal and low-AGE diet groups, the ES was large, whereas the plasma glucose level did not significantly differ between the two groups
**PDF:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/jocmr-10-405.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| -------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| #insulin | #advanced_glycation_endproducts | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #blood_glucose | #fried_foods | #asia | #disease | |
| | | | #type_2_diabetes | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Adipose fatty acids during weight loss.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23098653/
#nutrition

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Aging.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31528179/
"Unlike the obvious changes in other T cell subsets with age and gender, the stable level of TSCM in peripheral blood may support their capacity for sustaining long-term immunological memory, while their importance may increase together with aging."
#antagonistic_pleiotropy
#disease
#senescence
#evolution
#aging

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Alcohol and disease risk meta-analyses.md Normal file
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Stockwell, Tim, et al. ‘Do “Moderate” Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality’. _Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs_, vol. 77, no. 2, Mar. 2016, pp. 185–98. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997174/
**Alcohol Intake Strata and ACM:**
![[Pasted image 20220219152720.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>In summary, our study suggests that a skeptical position is warranted in relation to the evidence that low-volume consumption is associated with net health benefits. This conclusion is consistent with a recent Mendelian randomization study that found that a genetic variant associated with reduced drinking lowered rather than increased cardiovascular risk among low-volume drinkers (Holmes et al., 2014). We recommend that future prospective studies on alcohol and health minimize bias attributable to the misclassification of former and occasional drinkers by carefully excluding these from the abstainer reference group
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/jsad.2016.77.185.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| #all_cause_mortality | #alcohol | #humans | #nutrition | |
| | | #multinational | #disease | |
| | | | #meta_analysis | |
| | | | #systematic_review | |
| | | | #processed_food | |
| | | | #fermented_food | |
****
Liu, Pin-ming, et al. ‘[Alcohol intake and stroke in Eastern Asian men:a systemic review and meta-analysis of 17 prospective cohort studies]’. _Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi_, vol. 90, no. 40, Nov. 2010, pp. 2834–38.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21162794/
**Conclusions:**
>In Eastern Asian men, light alcohol intake (≤ 20 g/d) is associated with a lowered risk of ischemic stroke whereas heavy alcohol intake is associated with an elevated risk of stroke, particularly hemorrhagic stroke and all-cause mortality.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/东亚男性饮酒和卒中关系的前瞻性队列研究荟萃分析.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| #stroke | #alcohol | #humans | #nutrition | |
| | | #asia | #disease | |
| | | #multinational | #systematic_review | |
| | | | #processed_food | |
| | | | #fermented_food | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Alcohol and stroke risk meta-analysis.md Normal file
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Liu, Pin-ming, et al. ‘[Alcohol intake and stroke in Eastern Asian men:a systemic review and meta-analysis of 17 prospective cohort studies]’. _Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi_, vol. 90, no. 40, Nov. 2010, pp. 2834–38.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21162794/
****
**Conclusions:**
>In Eastern Asian men, light alcohol intake (≤ 20 g/d) is associated with a lowered risk of ischemic stroke whereas heavy alcohol intake is associated with an elevated risk of stroke, particularly hemorrhagic stroke and all-cause mortality.
**PDF:**
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| | | | #nutrition | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Ancestral health.md Normal file
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Fodor, J. George, et al. ‘“Fishing” for the Origins of the “Eskimos and Heart Disease” Story: Facts or Wishful Thinking?’ _The Canadian Journal of Cardiology_, vol. 30, no. 8, Aug. 2014, pp. 864–68. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.04.007.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25064579/
**Conclusions:**
>The totality of reviewed evidence leads us to the conclusion that Eskimos have a similar prevalence of CAD as non-Eskimo populations they have excessive mortality due to cerebrovascular strokes, their overall mortality is twice as high as that of non-Eskimo populations and their life expectancy is approximately 10 years shorter than the Danish population.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/j.cjca.2014.04.007.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | --------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ | ---------- |
| #coronary_heart_disease | #ancestral_food | #primitive_cultures | #nutrition | |
| | | #humans | #antagonistic_pleiotropy | |
| | | #hunter_gatherers | #anthropology | |
****
Dugdale, A. E. ‘Infant Feeding, Growth and Mortality: A 20-Year Study of an Australian Aboriginal Community’. _The Medical Journal of Australia_, vol. 2, no. 7, Oct. 1980, pp. 380–85. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb131878.x.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7453611/
**Conclusions:**
>This study has shown that infant mortality rate in a population can fall from 280 per 1000 live births to 40 per 1000 live births without major change in the type of feeding or in the level of nutrition. Neither did more detailed examination of infant growth and deaths show any consistent and systematic differences between infants on the two types of feeding. It appears that, in this community over the period studied, the type of milk given to the infant did not influence the growth rate and that neither the type of feeding nor the level of nutrition was responsible for the initial high death rate or its improvement. It can be argued that this community is not typical or representative of villages in developing countries. All communities have their peculiarities, and this argument can be supported or rebutted only when similar long-term studies have been done elsewhere. There must be data available around the world, but such studies are rare.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/dugdale1980.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | --------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ | ---------- |
| #all_cause_mortality | #ancestral_food | #primitive_cultures | #nutrition | |
| | | #humans | #antagonistic_pleiotropy | |
| | | #children | #disease | |
| | | #infants | #anthropology | |
| | | #hunter_gatherers | | |
****
Van Arsdale, P. W. ‘Population Dynamics among Asmat Hunter-Gatherers of New Guinea: Data, Methods, Comparisons’. _Human Ecology_, vol. 6, no. 4, Dec. 1978, pp. 435–67. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00889419.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12335596/
****
**Conclusions:**
>Brief comparisons with other Melanesian and 3rd world societies are presented; the Asmat average annual growth rate of 1.5% since 1st permanent contact in 1953 contrasts with the generally higher rates reported for most of these other groups.
**PDF:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/bf00889419.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | --------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ | ---------- |
| #all_cause_mortality | #ancestral_food | #primitive_cultures | #nutrition | |
| | | #humans | #antagonistic_pleiotropy | |
| | | #children | #disease | |
| | | #infants | #anthropology | |
| | | #hunter_gatherers | #child_development | |
****
Johnston, F. E., and C. E. Snow. ‘The Reassessment of the Age and Sex of the Indian Knoll Skeletal Population: Demographic and Methodological Aspects’. _American Journal of Physical Anthropology_, vol. 19, no. 3, Sept. 1961, pp. 237–44. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330190304.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14452143/
**Conclusions:**
>- The demography of the Indian Knoll population is similar to the more primitive, non-agricultural groups, and exhibits little over-all similarity, in terms of age distribution, to more economically and technologically advanced groups.
>- The average difference between skeletal aging by means of closure of the cranial sutures and by means of a composite of skeletal and dental criteria was, at Indian Knoll, 4.6 years. This average is very close to the standard error of estimate of McKern and Stewart ('57) of 4.4614 years, between predicted and actual ages.
>- The sex ratios of the two studies of the same population were similar, indicating that skeletal sexing, at least as far as Indian Knoll is concerned, gave relatively constant results.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/ajpa.1330190304.pdf]]
| **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ----------------- | ------------- | ---------- |
| #north_america | #archeology | |
| #hunter_gatherers | #anthropology | |
| #humans | #disease | |
****
Walker, Robert, et al. ‘Growth Rates and Life Histories in Twenty-Two Small-Scale Societies’. _American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Council_, vol. 18, no. 3, June 2006, pp. 295–311. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20510.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16634027/
**Conclusions:**
>It is beneficial to include growth trajectories as integral components of life histories. A complete assessment of an organism’s life history requires age-specific rates of growth, survivorship, and fertility. It is unfortunate that such data are rare (and occasionally low-quality) for hunter-gatherers, given that human evolution occurred in a foraging context, and that the last century has seen a drastic global reduction in societies with this lifestyle. Detection of different developmental patterns is difficult without cross-cultural growth information, and perhaps this explains the previous lack of attention to the question of divergent human life-history strategies.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/ajhb.20510.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | --------------- | ----------------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| #growth | #ancestral_food | #multinational | #disease | |
| | | #hunter_gatherers | #child_development | |
| | | #infants | #nutrition | |
| | | #children | | |
| | | #humans | | |
****
Burger, Oskar, et al. ‘Human Mortality Improvement in Evolutionary Context’. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America_, vol. 109, no. 44, Oct. 2012, pp. 18210–14. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215627109.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23071331/
**Conclusions:**
>Mortality improvement in humans is on par with or greater than the reductions in mortality in other species achieved by laboratory selection experiments and endocrine pathway mutations. This observed plasticity in age-specific risk of death is at odds with conventional theories of aging.
**PDF:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/pnas.1215627109.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------------- | -------------- | ---------- |
| #longevity | #primitive_cultures | #anthropology | |
| | #hunter_gatherers | #public_health | |
| | #humans | #disease | |
****
Hill, Kim, et al. ‘High Adult Mortality among Hiwi Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Human Evolution’. _Journal of Human Evolution_, vol. 52, no. 4, Apr. 2007, pp. 443–54. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.11.003.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17289113/
**Conclusions:**
>Summarizing then, we conclude that mortality rates after childhood decreased substantially in the postcontact period. The main sex difference was increasingly higher mortality in men relative to women as age increased (Fig. 1). Adult-male survival in the precontact period was particularly low, with an adult life expectancy of only 30 additional years at age 15. The infant age group showed two reversals of the general trends. First, infant mortality was higher in the postcontact period than in the precontact period, and second, female mortality was higher than male mortality in this age group. The latter trend is mainly due to female-biased infanticide.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/j.jhevol.2006.11.003.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | ------------------- | -------------- | ---------- |
| #all_cause_mortality | #contact | #hunter_gatherers | #anthropology | |
| | | #primitive_cultures | #public_health | |
| | | #humans | #disease | |
****
Finch, Caleb E. ‘Evolution in Health and Medicine Sackler Colloquium: Evolution of the Human Lifespan and Diseases of Aging: Roles of Infection, Inflammation, and Nutrition’. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America_, vol. 107 Suppl 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 1718–24. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909606106.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19966301/
**Conclusions:**
>Humans have evolved much longer lifespans than the great apes, which rarely exceed 50 years. Since 1800, lifespans have doubled again, largely due to improvements in environment, food, and medicine that minimized mortality at earlier ages. Infections cause most mortality in wild chimpanzees and in traditional forager-farmers with limited access to modern medicine. Although we know little of the diseases of aging under premodern conditions, in captivity, chimpanzees present a lower incidence of cancer, ischemic heart disease, and neurodegeneration than current human populations. These major differences in pathology of aging are discussed in terms of genes that mediate infection, inflammation, and nutrition. Apolipoprotein E alleles are proposed as a prototype of pleiotropic genes, which influence immune responses, arterial and Alzheimer’s disease, and brain development.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/pnas.200909606.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | --------------- | ------------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| #longevity | #ancestral_food | #primitive_cultures | #inflammation | |
| #all_cause_mortality | #novel_food | #humans | #immune_function | |
| #dementia | | #hunter_gatherers | #mental_health | |
| #cancer | | | #anthropology | |
| #coronary_heart_disease | | | #nutrition | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Ancestral trophic placement.md Normal file
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Wißing, Christoph, et al. ‘Stable Isotopes Reveal Patterns of Diet and Mobility in the Last Neandertals and First Modern Humans in Europe’. _Scientific Reports_, vol. 9, no. 1, Mar. 2019, p. 4433. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41033-3.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30872714/
**Upper Pleistocene Modern Humans Trophic Placement:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220219162019.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>Our results indicate that UPMHs exploited their environment to a greater extent than Neandertals and support the hypothesis that UPMHs had a substantial impact not only on the population dynamics of large mammals but also on the whole structure of the ecosystem since their initial arrival in Europe.
**PDF:**
[[41598_2019_41033_MOESM1_ESM.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/41598_2019_Article_41033.pdf]]
| **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | ------------------- | -------------------- | ---------- |
| #protein | #primitive_cultures | #anthropology | |
| #animal_protein | #hunter_gatherers | #nutrition | |
| #plant_protein | #humans | #ancestral_food | |
| | | #evolution | |
| | | #carnivore | |
| | | #low_carb_talking_points | |
****
Drucker, Dorothée G., et al. ‘Isotopic Analyses Suggest Mammoth and Plant in the Diet of the Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe’. _Scientific Reports_, vol. 7, no. 1, July 2017, p. 6833. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07065-3.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28754955/
**Human Trophic Placement:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220219162427.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>Despite limited sample size, the case of Buran-Kaya III, with its exceptional archaeological context and good collagen preservation, shows that the mammoth could be the source of such high 15N signal and suggests that it should be more systematically considered as an alternative explanation to aquatic resources. Isotopic studies of western European late Neanderthals also point to the significant consumption of mammoth as well11, 39. Tus, the role of mammoth in human subsistence during the early Upper Palaeolithic should be further examined in future research.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/41598_2017_7065_MOESM1_ESM.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/41598_2019_41033_MOESM1_ESM 1.pdf]]
| **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | ------------------- | -------------------- | ---------- |
| #protein | #primitive_cultures | #anthropology | |
| #animal_protein | #hunter_gatherers | #nutrition | |
| #plant_protein | #humans | #ancestral_food | |
| | | #low_carb_talking_points | |
| | | #carnivore | |
****
Ben-Dor, Miki, et al. ‘The Evolution of the Human Trophic Level during the Pleistocene’. _American Journal of Physical Anthropology_, vol. 175 Suppl 72, Aug. 2021, pp. 27–56. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24247.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33675083/
**Human Trophic Placement:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220219162715.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>We conclude that it is possible to reach a credible reconstruction of the HTL without relying on a simple analogy with recent hunter-gatherers' diets. The memory of an adaptation to a trophic level that is embedded in modern humans' biology in the form of genetics, metabolism, and morphology is a fruitful line of investigation of past HTLs, whose potential we have only started to explore.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/American J Phys Anthropol - 2021 - Ben‐Dor - The evolution of the human trophic level during the Pleistocene.pdf]]
| **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | ------------------- | -------------------- | ---------- |
| #protein | #primitive_cultures | #anthropology | |
| #animal_protein | #hunter_gatherers | #nutrition | |
| #plant_protein | #humans | #ancestral_food | |
| | | #low_carb_talking_points | |
| | | #carnivore | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Ancient mummies.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23489753/
"Ancient Egyptians, ancient Peruvians, the Ancestral Puebloans of southwest America, and the Unangan of the Aleutian Islands all experienced coronary heart disease and coronary artery calcification thousands of years ago."
https://europepmc.org/article/med/29100258
"5000 year old man frozen in ice consumed an ancestral diet and had coronary heart disease and coronary artery calcification."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24948424/
"Evidence from mummies suggests that 18th and 19th century Lithuanians consuming their traditional high-meat diet still experienced coronary heart disease and coronary artery calcification."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25667092/
"Ancient Peruvians presumably consuming their traditional diet still had coronary heart disease."
#disease
#ancestral_food
#coronary_heart_disease
#coronary_artery_calcification
#primitive_cultures
#antagonistic_pleiotropy

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Animal foods and ultraprocessed foods.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35199827/
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/Ultra-processed_food_intake_and_animal-based_food_intake_and_mortality_in_the_Adventist_Health_Study-2.pdf]]
**Supplement:**
[[📂 Media/Misc/AH2_UP_Supp.docx]]
#nutrition
#adventist_health_study
#ultraprocessed_foods
#processed_food
#animal_foods
#meat
#low_carb_talking_points

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/ApoB calculation.md Normal file
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https://cardiab.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2840-11-55#
ApoB = −33.12 + 0.675xLDL + 11.95xln(tg)
#blood_lipids
#LDL
#ApoB
#disease

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Artificial sweeteners and body composition meta-analysis.md Normal file
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Miller, Paige E., and Vanessa Perez. ‘Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Body Weight and Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies’. _The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition_, vol. 100, no. 3, Sept. 2014, pp. 765–77. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.082826.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24944060/
**Forest Plots:**
![[Pasted image 20220222185056.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, the meta-analysis of observational studies showed a small positive association between LCS intake and BMI, but no association with body weight or fat mass. On the other hand, data from RCTs, which provide the highest quality of evidence for examining the potentially causal effects of LCS intake on body weight, indicate that substituting LCSs for calorically dense alternatives results in a modest reduction of body weight, BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference. Compared with the consistent findings among the RCTs, results from prospective cohort studies were limited and more difficult to interpret, particularly because of inadequate control of important confounders, including total energy intake and baseline differences between LCS consumers and nonconsumers in body weight and composition. On the basis of the available scientific literature to date, substituting LCS options for their regular-calorie versions results in a modest weight loss and may be a useful dietary tool to improve compliance with weight-loss or weight-maintenance plans.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/765.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/Misc/113.082826_ajcn082826SupplementaryData1.docx]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | ---------------------- | --------------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| #weight_loss | #artificial_sweeteners | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #weight_gain | | | #meta_analysis | |
| #body_weight | | | #systematic_review | |
| #anthropometics | | | #disease | |
| #BMI | | | #overweight | |
| | | | #obesity | |
| | | | #epidemiology | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Artificial sweeteners and cancer meta-analysis.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34401106/
#nutrition
#disease
#cancer
#artificial_sweeteners
#case_control

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Artificial sweeteners and cancer.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35324894/
#nutrition
#disease
#cancer
#artificial_sweeteners
#cohort_studies
#nutrinet_sante_cohort

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Artificial sweeteners and disease risk meta-analysis.md Normal file
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Toews, Ingrid, et al. ‘Association between Intake of Non-Sugar Sweeteners and Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomised and Non-Randomised Controlled Trials and Observational Studies’. _BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)_, vol. 364, Jan. 2019, p. k4718. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k4718.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30602577/
**Conclusions:**
>Results of observational studies on the health effects of NSSs should be interpreted with caution, and attention should focus on plausible residual confounding as well as reverse causality (such as a higher consumption of NSSs by overweight or obese populations aiming at weight management). Appropriate long term studies that consider baseline consumption of sugar and NSSs and have an appropriate comparator should investigate whether NSSs are a safe and effective alternative to sugar, and results should be interpreted in light of these study design characteristics.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/bmj.k4718.full.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/toei046063.ww1.pdf]]
[[📂 Media/PDFs/toei046063.ww2.pdf]]
[[📂 Media/PDFs/toei046063.ww3.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | ---------------------- | --------------- | ------------------ | ---------- |
| #weight_loss | #artificial_sweeteners | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #weight_gain | | | #meta_analysis | |
| #body_weight | | | #systematic_review | |
| #anthropometics | | | #disease | |
| #BMI | | | #overweight | |
| #bladder_cancer | | | #obesity | |
| | | | #epidemiology | |
| | | | #cancer | |
****

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Artificial sweeteners and insulin.md Normal file
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Tey, S. L., et al. ‘Effects of Aspartame-, Monk Fruit-, Stevia- and Sucrose-Sweetened Beverages on Postprandial Glucose, Insulin and Energy Intake’. _International Journal of Obesity (2005)_, vol. 41, no. 3, Mar. 2017, pp. 450–57. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.225.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27956737/
**Change in Insulin:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220222183613.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, the consumption of calorie free beverages sweetened with non-nutritive sweeteners has minimal influences on total daily energy intake, glucose and insulin responses compared to a sucrose sweetened beverage in healthy lean males. It appears that the source of non-nutritive sweeteners (artificial or natural) does not differ in their effects on energy intake, postprandial glucose and insulin.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/ijo.2016.225.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| -------------- | ---------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------- | ---------- |
| #insulin | #artificial_sweeteners | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #blood_glucose | | #overweight | #low_carb_talking_points | |
| | | #obese | #novel_food | |
| | | | #processed_food | |
| | | | #sugar | |
| | | | #sugar_sweetened_beverages | |
| | | | #hormones | |
****
Ma, Jing, et al. ‘Effect of the Artificial Sweetener, Sucralose, on Gastric Emptying and Incretin Hormone Release in Healthy Subjects’. _American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology_, vol. 296, no. 4, Apr. 2009, pp. G735-739. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.90708.2008.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19221011/
**Hormonal Responses:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220222184126.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, we have not been able to demonstrate that sucralose given by intragastric infusion stimulates GLP-1 or GIP release in humans or elicits a feedback response to slow gastric emptying. This implies that artificial sweeteners may have no therapeutic benefit in the dietary management of diabetes, other than as a substitute for carbohydrate.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/ajpgi.90708.2008.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| -------------- | ---------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------- | ---------- |
| #insulin | #artificial_sweeteners | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #blood_glucose | | | #low_carb_talking_points | |
| #satiety | | | #novel_food | |
| | | | #processed_food | |
| | | | #sugar | |
| | | | #sugar_sweetened_beverages | |
| | | | #hormones | |
****

22
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Artificial sweeteners and weight loss.md Normal file
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Peters, John C., et al. ‘The Effects of Water and Non-Nutritive Sweetened Beverages on Weight Loss during a 12-Week Weight Loss Treatment Program’. _Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)_, vol. 22, no. 6, June 2014, pp. 1415–21. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20737.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24862170/
**Weight Loss:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Pasted image 20220222184505.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>These results strongly suggest that NNS beverages can be part of an effective weight loss strategy and individuals who desire to consume them should not be discouraged from doing so because of concerns that they will undermine short-term weight loss efforts. A longer term follow-up of this randomized cohort, now underway, will clarify the utility of NNS beverages in weight loss maintenance.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/oby.20737.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | ---------------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| #weight_loss | #artificial_sweeteners | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #anthropometics | | #overweight | #disease | |
| #body_weight | | | #novel_food | |
| #energy_intake | | | | |
****

54
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Avocado and risk markers.md Normal file
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Wang, Li, et al. ‘A Moderate-Fat Diet with One Avocado per Day Increases Plasma Antioxidants and Decreases the Oxidation of Small, Dense LDL in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial’. _The Journal of Nutrition_, vol. 150, no. 2, Feb. 2020, pp. 276–84. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz231.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31616932/
**Conclusions:**
>Avocados have a unique nutrient and bioactive profile that
appears to play an important role in reducing LDL oxidation,
hence decreasing LDL atherogenicity. Additional long-term
prospective and intervention studies are needed to evaluate the
effect of avocado consumption on clinical CVD outcomes and
determine the role that avocados may play in the primary and
secondary prevention of CVD.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/jn%2Fnxz231.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| #LDL | #avocados | #humans | #disease | |
| #oxLDL | #fruit | | #cardiovascular_disease | |
| #blood_lipids | #dietary_fat | | #coronary_heart_disease | |
| | #monounsaturated_fat | | #nutrition | |
****
Wang, Li, et al. ‘Abstract 17: One Avocado Per Day Lowers Plasma Oxidized-LDL and Increases Plasma Antioxidants in Overweight and Obese Adults’. _Circulation_, vol. 131, no. suppl_1, Mar. 2015, pp. A17–A17. _ahajournals.org (Atypon)_, https://doi.org/10.1161/circ.131.suppl_1.17.
**Link:**
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.131.suppl_1.17
****
**Conclusions:**
>Including one avocado per day in a heart-healthy diet lowers plasma oxidized LDL and lutein concentration; the benefits extend beyond their fatty acid content. The change in oxidized LDL by diet was correlated with a change in small LDL but not large LDL particles.
**PDF:**
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| #LDL | #avocados | #humans | #disease | |
| #oxLDL | #fruit | | #cardiovascular_disease | |
| #blood_lipids | #dietary_fat | | #coronary_heart_disease | |
| | #monounsaturated_fat | | | |
****

15
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Avocados and CVD risk.md Normal file
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https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.121.024014
**PDF:**
[[JAHA.121.024014.pdf]]
**Supplement:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/jah37280-sup-0001-tables1-s10-figs1 (1).pdf]]
#nutrition
#avocados
#vegetable_oil
#cardiovascular_disease
#disease
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat

7
🥙 Nutrition Vault/BMI and bone fracture risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15928804/
#disease
#obesity
#BMI
#anthropometics
#fracture

8
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Biotin status in vegans.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2773827/
#nutrition
#vegan
#biotin
#nutrients
#n00trients
#low_carb_talking_points

21
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Bread and body weight.md Normal file
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Loria Kohen, V., et al. ‘Impact of Two Low-Calorie Meals with and without Bread on the Sensation of Hunger, Satiety and Amount of Food Consumed’. _Nutricion Hospitalaria_, vol. 26, no. 5, Oct. 2011, pp. 1155–60. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0212-16112011000500035.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072367/
**Conclusions:**
>The inclusion of bread in a low-calorie meal may result in a greater sensation of satiety after eating. These results contradict the recommendation to exclude bread from a food plan aimed at weight loss.
**PDF:**
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | --------------- | --------------- | -------------- | ---------- |
| #satiety | #bread | #humans | #disease | |
| #body_weight | #refined_grains | #women | #energy_intake | |
| | | | #nutrition | |
****

5
🥙 Nutrition Vault/CVD without CAC.md Normal file
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https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2785586
#disease
#coronary_artery_calcification
#cardiovascular_disease

11
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cancer in animals.md Normal file
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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04224-5
"We demonstrate the universality and high frequency of oncogenic phenomena in mammals and reveal substantial diferences in cancer mortality across major mammalian orders. We show that the phylogenetic distribution of cancer mortality is associated with diet, with carnivorous mammals (especially mammal-consuming ones) facing the highest cancer-related mortality."
#cancer
#meat
#animals
#antagonistic_pleiotropy
#disease
#evolution
#nutrition

11
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34515299/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30036193/
#nutrition
#carbohydrates
#weight_loss
#weight_gain
#obesity
#clown_papers
#clownery

58
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Carnivore diet study.md Normal file
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Lennerz, Belinda S., et al. ‘Behavioral Characteristics and Self-Reported Health Status among 2029 Adults Consuming a “Carnivore Diet”’. _Current Developments in Nutrition_, vol. 5, no. 12, Dec. 2021, p. nzab133. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab133.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34934897/
**Population Characteristics**
![[Pasted image 20220214132844.png]]
**Food Intake:**
![[Pasted image 20220214132854.png]]
**Changes in Health Status:**
![[Pasted image 20220214132906.png]]
**Self-Reported Disease Prevalence:**
![[Pasted image 20220214132917.png]]
**Pre- and Post-Diet Markers:**
![[Pasted image 20220214132923.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>Our study reports on a large group of participants following a carnivore diet, with perceived health benefits and absence of symptoms consistent with nutritional deficiencies, providing insights into a poorly characterized dietary approach. However, the data are limited by several major design limitations inherent to the survey design. A clearer understanding of the long-term safety and benefits of a carnivore diet, exact dietary habits of people following this diet, and the generalizability of our findings, must await additional research.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/nzab133.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/nzab133_supplemental_file.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | People |
| ----------------- | --------------- | --------------- | -------------------- | ------------- |
| #obesity | #red_meat | #humans | #clown_papers | #shawn_baker |
| #overweight | #meat | #multinational | #disease | #jake_mey |
| #underweight | #carnivore | | #nutrition | #david_ludwig |
| #hypertension | #animal_fats | | #low_carb_talking_points | |
| #cardiovascular_disease | #animal_foods | | #clownery | |
| #type_2_diabetes | #animal_protein | | | |
| #digestive_health | #keto | | | |
| #hormones | #white_meat | | | |
| #auto_immune | #eggs | | | |
| #frailty | #fish | | | |
| #mental_health | #poultry | | | |
| #kidney_disease | #dairy | | | |
| #skin_health | #seafood | | | |
| #cancer | #organ_meats | | | |
| #blood_lipids | | | | |
| #blood_glucose | | | | |
| #LDL | | | | |
| #HDL | | | | |
| #triglycerides | | | | |
| #coronary_artery_calcification | | | | |
| #hba1c | | | | |
| #BMI | | | | |
| #liver_enzymes | | | | |
| #c_reactive_protein | | | | |
| #body_weight | | | | |
****

23
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cereal and child growth.md Normal file
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_Impact of Supplementation with Milk-Cereal Mix during 6-12 Months of Age on Growth at 12 Months: A 3-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial in Delhi, India by Sunita Taneja – FreeMedArt — Free Medical Articles_. https://freemedart.ru/impact-of-supplementation-with-milk-cereal-mix-during-6-12-months-of-age-on-growth-at-12-months-a-3-arm-randomized-controlled-trial-in-delhi-india-by-sunita-taneja/. Accessed 20 Feb. 2022.
**Link:**
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/115/1/83/6391404
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, supplementation during the second half of infancy, for a period of 180 d, with a cereal mix having a higher quantity of milk-based protein with added MMN leads to improvement in linear growth and other anthropometric indexes (weight-for-age, weight-for-length, and MUAC) in children from low-resource settings, compared with no supplementation. Complementary feeding programs may consider providing foods with high-quality, particularly milk-based, protein and MMN. However, the increase in the cost of the supplements due to increased protein content will need to be considered, especially when planning for a large-scale rollout.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/Impact_of_supplementation_with_milkcereal_mix_during_612_months_of_age_on_growth_at_12_months-_a_3-arm_randomized_controlled_trial_in_Delhi_India.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | -------------------- | ---------- |
| #growth | #cereals | #infants | #nutrition | |
| #anthropometics | #whole_grains | #children | #child_development | |
| | #refined_grains | #humans | #low_carb_talking_points | |
| | #whey | | | |
| | #dairy | | | |
| | #animal_foods | | | |
| | #plant_foods | | | |
| | #animal_protein | | | |
****

16
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cheerios and health.md Normal file
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cognition in children:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14637332/
blood lipids:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20102847/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15942550/
https://thelastpsychiatrist.com/images/cheerios.pdf
glycemic response:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31068229/
# Hashtags
#nutrition
#whole_grains
#breakfast_cereals

34
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cheese and blood lipid changes.md Normal file
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de Goede, Janette, et al. ‘Effect of Cheese Consumption on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials’. _Nutrition Reviews_, vol. 73, no. 5, May 2015, pp. 259–75. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuu060.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26011901/
****
**Conclusions:**
>The consumption of hard cheese results in lower LDLC and HDL-C levels than the consumption of butter, despite a similar P/S ratio. Further research is warranted to determine whether calcium, specific types of SFAs in cheese, or effects of the food matrix could explain this finding.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/nutrit%2Fnuu060.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/Misc/Goede_Supplements_S1.docx]]
[[📂 Media/Misc/Goede_Supplements_S2-prismachecklist.doc]]
[[📂 Media/Misc/Goede_Supplements_S3.docx]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| #LDL | #cheese | #humans | #clinical_trials | |
| #HDL | | | #disease | |
| #blood_lipids | | | #nutrition | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
****

6
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cheese and body odor.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15944134/
#nutrition
#cheese
#body_odor
#psychology

16
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cheese and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27517544/
"This meta-analysis of prospective studies suggests a nonlinear inverse association between cheese consumption and risk of CVD."
#disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#dairy
#cheese
#fermented_food
#saturated_fat
#animal_fats
#animal_foods
#animal_protein
#animal_fats
#protein
#nutrition

36
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Chocolate and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30061161/
"Chocolate consumption may be associated with reduced risk of CVD at <100 g/week consumption. Higher levels may negate the health benefits and induce adverse effects associated with high sugar consumption."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25646334/
"Our data support an inverse relation of chocolate intake with incident DM, which appears only to apply in younger and normal-body weight men after controlling for comprehensive life styles including total energy consumption."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28671591/
"In conclusion, chocolate intake is associated with decreased risks of CHD, stroke, and diabetes. Consuming chocolate in moderation (≤6 servings/week) may be optimal for preventing these disorders."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28324761/
"Findings from this large Japanese cohort supported a significant inverse association between chocolate consumption and risk of developing stroke in women. However, residual confounding could not be excluded as an alternative explanation for our findings."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21559039/
"These data are consistent with beneficial effects of dark chocolate/cocoa products on total and LDL cholesterol and no major effects on HDL and TG in short-term intervention trials."
#disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#type_2_diabetes
#stroke
#plant_fats
#chocolate
#blood_lipids
#LDL
#HDL
#triglycerides
#cholesterol
#plant_fats
#plant_foods
#fermented_food
#processed_food
#nutrition

20
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Coffee and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31055709/
"Moderate coffee consumption (e.g. 2-4 cups/day) was associated with reduced all-cause and cause-specific mortality, compared to no coffee consumption. The inverse association between coffee and all-cause mortality was consistent by potential modifiers except region."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29549497/
"In older people, habitual coffee consumption was not associated with increased risk of functional impairment, and it might even be beneficial in women and those with hypertension, obesity or diabetes."
#disease
#coffee
#all_cause_mortality
#cardiovascular_disease
#cancer
#type_2_diabetes
#agility
#obesity
#hypertension
#disability
#brewed_drinks
#nutrition

19
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Concordance between nutritional epidemiology and RCTs.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34526355/
"On average, the difference in pooled results between estimates from BoE(RCT) and BoE(CS) was small. But wide prediction intervals and some substantial statistical heterogeneity in cohort studies indicate that important differences or potential bias in individual comparisons or studies cannot be excluded. Observed differences were mainly driven by dissimilarities in population, intervention or exposure, comparator, and outcome. These findings could help researchers further understand the integration of such evidence into prospective nutrition evidence syntheses and improve evidence based dietary guidelines."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23700648/
"The examined quantitative characteristics of the citation maps in each association cannot predict the probability that the findings from the two designs agree or disagree. It is unclear whether there is a good way to describe the maturity of the evidence base on an association between nutrients and outcomes. At a minimum, purely bibliometric approaches are not a good way to prioritize which nutrient exposures merit further study, and for which health outcomes."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34308960/
![[📂 Media/PDFs/Schwingshackled_Supplement.pdf]]
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11134917/
[[📂 Media/PDFs/Evaluating_concordance_of_bodies_of_evidence_from_randomized_controlled_trials_dietary_intake_and_biomarkers_of_intake_in_cohort_studies__a_meta-epidemiological_study_Beyerbach_2021.pdf]]
#epidemiology
#nutrition_science
#nutrition

6
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Concordance of animal research to CVD outcomes.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33075280/
#disease
#humans
#animals
#clinical_trials

25
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Conjugated linoleic acid and body composition.md Normal file
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Onakpoya, Igho J., et al. ‘The Efficacy of Long-Term Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation on Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials’. _European Journal of Nutrition_, vol. 51, no. 2, Mar. 2012, pp. 127–34. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0253-9.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21990002/
**CLA and Body Composition:**
![[Pasted image 20220220102348.png]]
**Dose-Response:**
![[Pasted image 20220220102405.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>The evidence from RCTs fails to convincingly demonstrate that CLA supplementation generates any clinically relevant effects on body composition on the long term.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/s00394-011-0253-9.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | -------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| #anthropometics | #conjugated_linoleic_acid | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #weight_loss | #linoleic_acid | | #disease | |
| #weight_gain | | | #overweight | |
| | | | #obesity | |
****

19
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Coronary artery calcification.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22473330/
"A detailed understanding of bone-vascular interactions is necessary to address the unmet clinical needs of an increasingly aged and dysmetabolic population."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14500910/
"Because atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammation, we propose that arterial plaque calcification is best conceptualized as a convergence of bone biology with vascular inflammatory pathobiology."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29301708/
"We will review the pathology of coronary calcification in humans with a focus on risk factors, relationship with plaque progression, correlation with plaque (in)stability, and effect of pharmacologic interventions."
#blood_lipids
#coronary_artery_calcification
#LDL
#inflammation
#lipidology
#bones
#disease

6
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Creatine degradation.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21424716/
#nutrition
#creatine
#strength
#exercise

24
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Cultured meat projections.md Normal file
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‘TEA of Cultivated Meat. Future Projections for Different Scenarios’. _CE Delft - EN_. Accessed 19 Feb. 2022.
**Link:**
https://cedelft.eu/publications/tea-of-cultivated-meat/
**Carbon Footprint of Cultured Meat:**
![[Pasted image 20220219150549.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>We conclude that CM can offer environmental gains compared to conventional meats (beef, pork, chicken). CM uses much less land compared to all conventional meats. It also has a much lower carbon footprint than beef and is comparable to current global average footprints for pork and chicken when produced using conventional energy. When using sustainable energy, CM has a lower carbon footprint than ambitious production benchmarks for all conventional meats.
>- CM can compete with all conventional meat environmentally, and scores much better than beef. This conclusion is based on comparison with our ambitious benchmark for conventional products, and therefore quite robust. When producers switch to sustainable energy, CM becomes the most environmentally friendly option for meat production.
>- The most important drivers of the environmental impact of CM are processing energy, medium quantity and medium composition. For all these drivers an important option for improvement is a switch sustainable energy.
>- Potential variability regarding quantity of medium used, residence time of cells in the reactors, maximum cell density and process temperature are unlikely to influence these conclusions.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/CE_Delft_190107_LCA_of_cultivated_meat_Def.pdf]]
| **Topics** | **General** |
| -------------- | ------------- |
| #cultured_meat | #nutrition |
| #agriculture | #vegan |
| | #animal_foods |
****

19
🥙 Nutrition Vault/DHA and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23546563/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888689/
![[📂 Media/PDFs/j.jchf.2019.03.008.pdf]]
#nutrition
#disease
#dietary_fat
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#plant_based_diets
#polyunsaturated_fat
#docosahexaenoic_acid
#eicosapentaenoic_acid
#coronary_heart_disease
#omega_3

9
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32932087/
#nutrition
#protein
#plant_protein
#animal_protein
#DIAAS
#bioavailability
#databases

50
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dairy and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23945722/
"This meta-analysis suggests that there is a significant inverse association between intakes of dairy products, low-fat dairy products, and cheese and risk of type 2 diabetes. Any additional studies should assess the association between other specific types of dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes and adjust for more confounding factors."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22810464/
"The observational evidence does not support the hypothesis that dairy fat or high-fat dairy foods contribute to obesity or cardiometabolic risk, and suggests that high-fat dairy consumption within typical dietary patterns is inversely associated with obesity risk. Although not conclusive, these findings may provide a rationale for future research into the bioactive properties of dairy fat and the impact of bovine feeding practices on the health effects of dairy fat."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33184632/
"Contrary to our hypothesis, neither dairy diet improved glucose tolerance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Both dairy diets decreased insulin sensitivity through mechanisms largely unrelated to changes in key determinants of insulin sensitivity."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30782711/
"The association between dairy consumption and cancer risk has been explored in PMASRs with a variety of study designs and of low to moderate quality. To fully characterise valid associations between dairy consumption and risk of cancer and/or mortality rigorously conducted, PMASRs including only high-quality prospective study designs are required."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32185512/
"This meta-analysis provides evidence that dairy products can increase BMD in healthy postmenopausal women. Dairy product consumption should be considered an effective public health measure to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539555/
"Increased dietary calcium/dairy products, with and without vitamin D, significantly increases total body and lumbar spine BMC in children with low base-line intakes."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31089733/
"This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to evaluate the association between subtypes of milk and CRC risk. An inverse association between cheese consumption and the risk of CRC, particularly proximal colon cancer, was also found. No harmful effects associated with the consumption of any type of dairy product, including whole-fat dairy products, were observed."
#disease
#type_2_diabetes
#dairy
#saturated_fat
#obesity
#cardiovascular_disease
#cancer
#metabolic_syndrome
#glucose_tolerance
#insulin_sensitivity
#bone_mineral_density
#postmenopausal
#yogurt
#cheese
#osteoporosis
#children
#colorectal_cancer
#milk #cheese
#animal_fats
#animal_protein
#animal_foods
#nutrition

32
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016870/
"In contrast to milk fat without MFGM, milk fat enclosed by MFGM does not impair the lipoprotein profile. The mechanism is not clear although suppressed gene expression by MFGM correlated inversely with plasma lipids. The food matrix should be considered when evaluating cardiovascular aspects of different dairy foods."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25671415/
"In conclusion, our meta-analysis did not find sufficient evidence that whey and its derivates elicited a beneficial effect in reducing circulating CRP. However, they may significantly reduce CRP among participants with highly supplemental doses or increased baseline CRP levels."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31089732/
"The majority of studies documented a significant anti-inflammatory effect in both healthy and metabolically abnormal subjects, although not all the articles were of high quality."
#blood_lipids
#dairy
#saturated_fat
#milk
#LDL
#HDL
#triglycerides
#PCSK9
#ApoB
#nonHDL
#ApoA1
#cholesterol
#animal_fats
#animal_foods
#animal_protein
#protein
#c_reactive_protein
#inflammation
#whey
#nutrition

8
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31356390/
**PDF:**
![[📂 Media/PDFs/aud.0000000000000765.pdf]]
#nutrition
#tinnitus
#disease

4
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https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=25810&catId=149267&id=9731766&ind=92&objTypeID=17
#nutrition
#animals

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Hopkins, P. N. ‘Effects of Dietary Cholesterol on Serum Cholesterol: A Meta-Analysis and Review’. _The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition_, vol. 55, no. 6, June 1992, pp. 1060–70. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1060.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1534437/
**Effect of Dietary Cholesterol on Serum Cholesterol:**
![[Pasted image 20220214153205.png]]
**Scatterplot of Serum Cholesterol Changes:**
![[Pasted image 20220214153223.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>Serum cholesterol concentration is clearly increased by added dietary cholesterol but the magnitude of predicted change is modulated by baseline dietary cholesterol. The greatest response is expected when baseline dietary cholesterol is near zero, while little, if any, measurable change would be expected once baseline dietary cholesterol was > 400-500 mg/d. People desiring maximal reduction of serum cholesterol by dietary means may have to reduce their dietary cholesterol to minimal levels (< 100-150 mg/d) to observe modest serum cholesterol reductions while persons eating a diet relatively rich in cholesterol would be expected to experience little change in serum cholesterol after adding even large amounts of cholesterol to their diet. Despite modest average effects of dietary cholesterol, there are some individuals who are much more responsive (and others who are not responsive). Individual degrees of response to dietary cholesterol may be mediated by differences in cholesterol absorption efficiency, neutral sterol excretion, conversion of hepatic cholesterol to bile acids, or modulation of HMG-CoA reductase or other key enzymes involved in intracellular cholesterol economy, each ultimately resulting in changes of plasma LDL cholesterol con- centration mediated primarily by up- or down-regulation of LDL receptors.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/ajcn%2F55.6.1060.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** |
| ------------------ | -------------------- | --------------- | -------------------- |
| #blood_lipids | #dietary_cholesterol | #humans | #disease |
| #serum_cholesterol | #eggs | | #animal_foods |
| | #supplements | | #animal_fats |
| | #nutrients | | #low_carb_talking_points |
| | | | #nutrition |
| | | | #lipidology |
| | | | #n00trients |
****
Vincent, Melissa J., et al. ‘Meta-Regression Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Cholesterol Intake on LDL and HDL Cholesterol’. _The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition_, vol. 109, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 7–16. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy273.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30596814/
**Meta-Regression for LDL:**
![[Pasted image 20220214154142.png]]
**Meta-Regression for HDL:**
![[Pasted image 20220214154217.png]]
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/nqy273.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/Misc/Online Supporting Material 1 - resubmission 8-10-18.docx]]
[[📂 Media/Misc/Online Supporting Material 2 - resubmission 8-10-18.docx]]
[[📂 Media/Misc/Online Supporting Material 3 - resubmission 8-10-18.docx]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** |
| ------------------ | -------------------- | --------------- | -------------------- |
| #blood_lipids | #dietary_cholesterol | #humans | #disease |
| #serum_cholesterol | #supplements | | #nutrition |
| #LDL | #nutrients | | #animal_foods |
| #HDL | #eggs | | #animal_fats |
| | | | #low_carb_talking_points |
| | | | #n00trients |
---
Carson, Jo Ann S., et al. ‘Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association’. _Circulation_, vol. 141, no. 3, Jan. 2020, pp. e39–53. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31838890/
**Regression Analysis:**
![[Pasted image 20220612145302.png]]
**Notes:**
1) Why is this persuasive? They're trying to fit a non-linear relationship to a linear model, lol.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/CIR.0000000000000743 (1).pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/data supplement 1.pdf]]
[[📂 Media/PDFs/data supplement 2.pdf]]
[[📂 Media/PDFs/data supplement 3.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** |
| ------------------ | -------------------- | --------------- | -------------------- |
| #blood_lipids | #dietary_cholesterol | #humans | #disease |
| #serum_cholesterol | #supplements | | #nutrition |
| #LDL | #nutrients | | #animal_foods |
| #HDL | #eggs | | #animal_fats |
| | | | #low_carb_talking_points |
| | | | #n00trients |
****
Schonfeld, G., et al. ‘Effects of Dietary Cholesterol and Fatty Acids on Plasma Lipoproteins.’ _Journal of Clinical Investigation_, vol. 69, no. 5, May 1982, pp. 1072–80. _DOI.org (Crossref)_, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110542.
**Effects of Eggs:**
![[Pasted image 20220612150526.png]]
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7068846/
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/JCI82110542.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
****
Connor, W. E., et al. ‘THE INTERRELATED EFFECTS OF DIETARY CHOLESTEROL AND FAT UPON HUMAN SERUM LIPID LEVELS’. _The Journal of Clinical Investigation_, vol. 43, Aug. 1964, pp. 1691–96. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105044.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14201552/
**Effects of Eggs:**
![[Pasted image 20220612151101.png]]
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/jcinvest00460-0187.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ----------- | ---------- |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
****

25
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26109578/
"Reviewed studies were heterogeneous and lacked the methodologic rigor to draw any conclusions regarding the effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk. Carefully adjusted and well-conducted cohort studies would be useful to identify the relative effects of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1534437/
"Possible reasons for the hyperbolic shape of the relationship between change in serum cholesterol and added dietary cholesterol, mechanisms for individual responsiveness to dietary cholesterol, and important implications regarding interpretation of prior studies and public health issues are discussed."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30596814/
"The change in dietary cholesterol was positively associated with the change in LDL-cholesterol concentration. The linear and MM models indicate that the change in dietary cholesterol is modestly inversely related to the change in circulating HDL-cholesterol concentrations in men but is positively related in women. The clinical implications of HDL-cholesterol changes associated with dietary cholesterol remain uncertain."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14764421/
"The possibility has been discussed that administration of inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis may reduce the prevalence of Alzheimer disease. No firm conclusions can, however, be drawn from the studies presented thus far. In the present review, the most recent advances in our understanding of cholesterol turnover in the brain is discussed."
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2728487
#disease
#coronary_heart_disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#dietary_cholesterol
#mental_health
#nutrition
#blood_lipids

11
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and all cause mortality.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30636521/
#nutrition
#energy_intake
#vegetable_oil
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#all_cause_mortality

23
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and blood lipids.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20209147/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30006369/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12716665/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9756121/
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/246104
#nutrition
#vegetable_oil
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#polyunsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#trans_fat
#blood_lipids
#LDL
#HDL
#triglycerides
#cholesterol
#coconut_oil

22
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and energy intake.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14694208/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26331956/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30261617/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10953671/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11040181/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20492735/
#nutrition
#energy_intake
#vegetable_oil
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#satiety
#energy_expenditure

15
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8148357/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15064096/
#nutrition
#polyunsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#dietary_fat
#vegetable_oil
#omega_6
#linoleic_acid
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#coronary_heart_disease
#animals

17
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and heart disease.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19211817/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846368/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32428300/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20351774/
#nutrition
#energy_intake
#vegetable_oil
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#coronary_heart_disease

12
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and human evolution.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1435101/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20860883/
#nutrition
#primitive_cultures
#dietary_fat
#polyunsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#nutrients
#evolution
#paleo_diet

12
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and insulin sensitivity 1.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434027/
#nutrition
#disease
#meta_analysis
#insulin_sensitivity
#insulin
#systematic_review
#blood_glucose
#saturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#polyunsaturated_fat

11
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and insulin sensitivity meta-analysis.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434027/
#nutrition
#polyunsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#carbohydrates
#insulin_sensitivity
#hba1c
#HOMA
#clinical_trials

40
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237931/
"A high-fat, low-carbohydrate intake reduces the ability of insulin to suppress endogenous glucose production and alters the relation between oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal in a way that favors storage of glucose."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310747/
"These data demonstrate that the decreased glucose disposal during the OGTT after the 56-h HF/LC diet was in part related to decreased oxidative carbohydrate disposal in skeletal muscle and not to decreased glycogen storage. The rapid increase in PDK activity during the HF/LC diet appeared to account for the reduced potential for oxidative carbohydrate disposal."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11679437/
"The data from the lipid infusion protocol suggest a functional relationship between IMCL levels and insulin sensitivity. Similar effects could be induced by a high-fat diet, thereby underlining the physiological relevance of these observations."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17062764/
"Upregulation of muscle PDK4 expression was an early molecular adaptation to these changes, and we showed for the first time in healthy humans, unlike insulin-resistant individuals, that insulin can suppress PDK4 but not PDK2 gene expression in skeletal muscle."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017772/
"African American and Caucasian adolescents respond to FFA elevation similarly through increased fasting insulin secretion to maintain fasting glucose homeostasis and reduced peripheral glucose uptake and insulin resistance. Thus, African American adolescents are not more susceptible to FFA-induced insulin resistance than Caucasian youth."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27434027/
"This meta-analysis of randomised controlled feeding trials provides evidence that dietary macronutrients have diverse effects on glucose-insulin homeostasis. In comparison to carbohydrate, SFA, or MUFA, most consistent favourable effects were seen with PUFA, which was linked to improved glycaemia, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion capacity."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28758920/
"In conclusion, a single day of high-fat, overfeeding impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity in young, healthy adults. This highlights the rapidity with which excessive consumption of calories through high-fat food can impair glucose metabolism, and suggests that acute binge eating may have immediate metabolic health consequences for the individual."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32815226/
"The observation that those conditions are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction has set the basis to propose a link between mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic inflexibility, and metabolic health. We here highlight the evidence about the notion that MetF influences metabolic health."
#nutrition
#dietary_fat
#plant_fats
#animal_fats
#insulin_sensitivity
#insulin
#blood_glucose
#low_carb

13
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and lipidemia.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31100881/
#nutrition
#disease
#blood_lipids
#LDL
#HDL
#triglycerides
#cholesterol
#saturated_fat
#polyunsaturated_fat
#animal_fats
#plant_fats

20
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fat and risk markers.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27543472/
"Coconut oil even though rich in saturated fatty acids in comparison to sunflower oil when used as cooking oil media over a period of 2 years did not change the lipid-related cardiovascular risk factors and events in those receiving standard medical care."
#disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#coronary_heart_disease
#Lpa
#inflammation
#polyunsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#dietary_fat
#LDL
#HDL
#ApoB
#ApoA1
#blood_lipids
#nutrition
#coconut_oil
#vegetable_oil

13
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fats and digestion kinetics.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18940935/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32188593/
#metabolism
#dietary_fat
#saturated_fat
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#omega_3
#omega_6
#non_alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease
#nutrition

17
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary fatty acid meta-regression.md Normal file
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https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/246104
![[📂 Media/PDFs/9789241565349-eng.pdf]]
#nutrition
#disease
#blood_lipids
#LDL
#HDL
#ApoB
#saturated_fat
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#carbohydrates
#meta_analysis
#meta-regression
#systematic_review

56
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Dietary guidelines and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11063452/
"These data suggest that adherence to the 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, as measured by the HEI-f, will have limited benefit in preventing major chronic disease in women."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22571690/
"The present study provides longitudinal support for a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in an older population who have greater compliance with published dietary guidelines."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226474/
"These results suggest that overall compliance with the Dietary Guidelines, as measured by the HEI, protects against nuclear opacities."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24944055/
"A greater compliance with Chinese or US dietary guidelines is associated with lower total mortality in Chinese adults. Favorable associations are more evident in men than women and more consistent for cardiometabolic mortality than cancer mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28825166/
To conclude, adherence to the Dutch dietary guidelines was associated with a lower mortality risk and a lower risk of developing some but not all of the chronic diseases on which the guidelines were based."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22157209/
"Available data on the potential association between dietary guidelines and cancer are limited and inconclusive. A meta-analysis of studies on overall cancer risk shows no protective effect for good adherence to the dietary guidelines as compared with poor adherence. However, good adherence was associated with a 21% reduced risk of colorectal cancer, and 22% reduced cancer-specific mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29439463/
"This study contributes to the evidence that diet quality is associated with health outcomes, including weight status, and will be useful in framing recommendations for obesity prevention and management."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34158032/
#dietary_guidelines
#disease
#breast_cancer
#colorectal_cancer
#weight_loss
#obesity
#coronary_heart_disease
#type_2_diabetes
#heart_failure
#lung_cancer
#dementia
#cardiovascular_disease
#cancer
#vision_loss
#all_cause_mortality
#whole_grains
#vegetables
#dairy
#fruit
#milk
#meat
#fat
#saturated_fat
#dietary_cholesterol
#sodium
#nutrition

8
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28768562/
"Our results showed that adhering to the WHO and Dutch dietary guidelines will lower the risk of all-cause mortality and moderately lower the environmental impact. The DASH diet was associated with lower mortality and land use, but because of high dairy product consumption in the Netherlands it was also associated with higher GHG emissions."
#dietary_guidelines
#environment
#GHG
#nutrition

3
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27597453/
#nutrition

8
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493764/
#vitamin_E
#vitamin_C
#nutrients
#nutrition
#LDL
#oxLDL

27
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Zhong, Victor W., et al. ‘Associations of Dietary Cholesterol or Egg Consumption With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality’. JAMA, vol. 321, no. 11, Mar. 2019, pp. 1081–95. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.1572.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30874756/
**Conclusions:**
>
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/jama-321-1081-s001.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/jama_zhong_2019_oi_190019.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | -------------------- | --------------- | ------------- | ---------- |
| #cardiovascular_disease | #dietary_cholesterol | #humans | #nutrition | |
| | #eggs | | #mortality | |
| | | | #epidemiology | |
| | | | #disease | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
****

8
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Ejaculation frequency and prostate cancer.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15069045/
#disease
#prostate_cancer
#ejaculations
#sexuality
#male_health
#cancer

6
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https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqac031/6522166
#nutrition
#weight_gain
#weight_loss
#obesity

3
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30902672/
#nutrition

6
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https://ourworldindata.org/environmental-impacts-of-food
#environment
#animal_agriculture
#plant_agriculture
#nutrition

47
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Epidemiology Dialogue Tree.md Normal file
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---
mindmap-plugin: basic
---
# Epi Denial Dialogue Tree
- An n=200 RCT
Compound X vs placebo
100% mortality with compound X
Do you infer causality?
- Yes.
- An n=200 non-randomized CT
Self-selected and self-assigned
Compound X vs placebo
100% mortality with compound X
Do you infer causality?
- Yes.
- An n=200 non-randomized CT
Self-selected and self-assigned
High compound X vs low compound X
20% more death with compound X
Do you infer causality?
- Yes.
- An n=200,000 cohort study
High compound X vs low compound X
Adjustment for confounders and covariates.
20% more death with compound X
Do you infer causality?
- Yes.
- You are now an epidemiology respecter.
- No.
- Potential contradiction.
- No.
- Absurdity.
- No.
- Absurdity.
- No.
- Absurdity.
#debate
#epidemiology
#epistemology
#philosophy
#disease
#causal_inference

16
🥙 Nutrition Vault/European atherosclerosis society consensus papers.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444290/
"Both the naturally randomized genetic studies and the randomized intervention trials consistently demonstrate that any mechanism of lowering plasma LDL particle concentration should reduce the risk of ASCVD events proportional to the absolute reduction in LDL-C and the cumulative duration of exposure to lower LDL-C, provided that the achieved reduction in LDL-C is concordant with the reduction in LDL particle number and that there are no competing deleterious off-target effects."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052833/
"This second Consensus Statement on LDL causality discusses the established and newly emerging biology of ASCVD at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, with emphasis on integration of the central pathophysiological mechanisms. Key components of this integrative approach include consideration of factors that modulate the atherogenicity of LDL at the arterial wall and downstream effects exerted by LDL particles on the atherogenic process within arterial tissue."
#disease
#LDL
#coronary_heart_disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#lipidology
#blood_lipids
#ApoB
#EAS_consensus

9
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Evidence grading.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802902/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28140319/
#nutrition
#nutrition_science
#epidemiology
#epistemology
#philosophy

3
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Exercise and glucose disposal.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809409/
#nutrition

7
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Exercise databases.md Normal file
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https://www.bodybuilding.com/exercises/
https://exrx.net/Lists/Directory
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pFodDTHCtzpEO1ISLgEH33rqh-hmSjKRB7zNP9xhh4E/edit#gid=0
#exercise #strength #hypertrophy #fitness

7
🥙 Nutrition Vault/FODMAPs.md Normal file
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https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1qyccxXdS9aqryMj2J49O-YXkSYOZZ1W6U4-BoWHbunY/edit#gid=1565224787
#nutrition
#nutrients
#carbohydrates
#databases
#FODMAPs

44
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fat sources and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29566185/
"The largely different associations of plant MUFAs and animal MUFAs with CHD risk suggest that plant-based foods are the preferable sources of MUFAs for CHD prevention. These findings are observational and warrant confirmation in intervention settings."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31266749/
"In patients with type 2 diabetes, higher intake of PUFAs, in comparison with carbohydrates or saturated fatty acids, is associated with lower total mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality. These findings highlight the important role of quality of dietary fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and total mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30636521/
"Intakes of SFAs, trans-fatty acids, animal MUFAs, α-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid were associated with higher mortality. Dietary intake of marine omega-3 PUFAs and replacing SFAs with plant MUFAs or linoleic acid were associated with lower total, CVD, and certain cause-specific mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689516/
"Higher intake of plant MUFAs was associated with lower total mortality, and animal MUFAs intake was associated with higher mortality. Significantly lower mortality risk was observed when saturated fatty acids, refined carbohydrates, or trans fats were replaced by protein MUFAs, but not animal MUFAs. These data suggest that other constituents in animal foods, such as saturated fatty acids, may confound the associations for MUFAs when they are primarily derived from animal products. More evidence is needed to elucidate the differential associations of plant MUFAs and animal MUFAs with mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26429077/
"Our findings indicate that unsaturated fats, especially PUFAs, and/or high-quality carbohydrates can be used to replace saturated fats to reduce CHD risk."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27479196/
#disease
#animal_fats
#plant_fats
#animal_foods
#plant_foods
#polyunsaturated_fat
#monounsaturated_fat
#saturated_fat
#trans_fat
#type_2_diabetes
#coronary_heart_disease
#linoleic_acid
#a_linolenic_acid
#docosahexaenoic_acid
#eicosapentaenoic_acid
#all_cause_mortality
#cardiovascular_disease
#whole_grains
#omega_3
#omega_6
#nutrition

41
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fibre and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355537/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23543118/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29278406/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30200062/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30166965/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30376840/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25143474/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037138/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25387901/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29137803/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25552267/
#disease
#fibre
#coronary_heart_disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#metabolic_syndrome
#colon_cancer
#cancer
#colorectal_cancer
#all_cause_mortality
#kidney_disease
#endometrial_cancer
#esophageal_cancer
#pancreatic_cancer
#ovarian_cancer
#blood_glucose
#plant_foods
#nutrition

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fibre and risk markers.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18562168/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19223918/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24180564/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31897475/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30239559/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411276/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29566200/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9925120/
#disease
#type_2_diabetes
#blood_glucose
#hba1c
#fibre
#soluble_fibre
#insoluble_fibre
#weight_loss
#weight_gain
#obesity
#cardiovascular_disease
#coronary_heart_disease
#blood_lipids
#LDL
#HDL
#ApoB
#ApoA1
#nonHDL
#inflammation
#interleukin_6
#tumor_necrosis_factor
#c_reactive_protein
#nutrition

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fish and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29317009/
"There was potential evidence of regional differences in the association between fish consumption and mortality. It may be helpful to examine the associations by considering types of fish consumed and methods of fish preparation."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21914258/
"Our results indicate that either low (1 serving/week) or moderate fish consumption (2-4 servings/week) has a significantly beneficial effect on the prevention of CHD mortality. High fish consumption (>5 servings/week) possesses only a marginally protective effect on CHD mortality, possibly due to the limited studies included in this group."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23788668/
"No associations with cancer or ischemic heart disease mortality were observed. Further analyses suggested that the inverse associations with total, ischemic stroke, and diabetes mortality were primarily related to consumption of saltwater fish and intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Overall, our findings support the postulated health benefits of fish consumption."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23489806/
"This meta-analysis suggests that there is a dose-dependent inverse relationship between fish consumption and HF incidence. Fish intake once or more times a week could reduce HF incidence."
#disease
#fish
#cardiovascular_disease
#coronary_heart_disease
#heart_failure
#cancer #stroke
#type_2_diabetes
#all_cause_mortality
#docosahexaenoic_acid
#eicosapentaenoic_acid
#omega_3
#animal_foods
#animal_fats
#animal_protein
#nutrition

5
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Food choices and longevity.md Normal file
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8824353/
#nutrition
#disease
#mortality

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Food frequency questionnaire validation.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20856100/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31391548/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28630693/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31206566/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17467370/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27904560/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19328271/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19328270/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31783477/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20707949/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23206381/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26753989/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18435934/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28744912/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26653304/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30121379/
[[📂 Media/PDFs/Validity of the food frequency questionnaire for adults in nutritional epidemiological studies_ A systematic review and meta-analysis (Cui, 2021).pdf]]
#food_frequency_questionnaires
#epidemiology
#validation
#nutrition
#energy_intake
#nutrients
#nutritional_status
#nutrition_science
#nutrition

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Foods and LDL meta-analysis.md Normal file
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Schoeneck, Malin, and David Iggman. ‘The Effects of Foods on LDL Cholesterol Levels: A Systematic Review of the Accumulated Evidence from Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials’. _Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD_, vol. 31, no. 5, May 2021, pp. 1325–38. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33762150/
**Foods and LDL:**
![[Pasted image 20220220134337.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, several foods can distinctly modify LDL cholesterol levels. This updated summary of the accumulated evidence may help inform clinicians and future guidelines for dyslipidemia and CVD prevention.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/PIIS0939475321000028.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
[[📂 Media/Misc/mmc1 (1).docx]]
[[📂 Media/PDFs/mmc2.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| ------------- | -------------- | --------------- | --------------------- | ---------- |
| #LDL | #sugar | #humans | #nutrition | |
| | #whole_grains | | #blood_lipids | |
| | #soluble_fibre | | #vegan_talking_points | |
| | #flaxseeds | | #disease | |
| | #soy | | #systematic_review | |
| | #fish | | #meta_analysis | |
| | #legumes | | | |
| | #hazelnuts | | | |
| | #walnuts | | | |
| | #almonds | | | |
| | #vegetable_oil | | | |
| | #olive_oil | | | |
| | #animal_fats | | | |
| | #saturated_fat | | | |
| | #polyunsaturated_fat | | | |
| | #avocados | | | |
| | #turmeric | | | |
| | #tomatoes | | | |
| | #green_tea | | | |
| | #coffee | | | |
****

3
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Foods and bile acids.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29458053/
#nutrition

10
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Foods and long term weight changes.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21696306/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22117658/
#nutrition
#disease
#weight_loss
#weight_gain
#obesity
#food

12
🥙 Nutrition Vault/French paradox.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34796724/
"By contrast, we found associations of SFAs with CHD in opposite directions dependent on the food source. These findings should be further confirmed, but support public health recommendations to consider food sources alongside the macronutrients they contain, and suggest the importance of the overall food matrix."
#nutrition
#disease
#low_carb_talking_points
#nutrition
#epidemiology
#saturated_fat
#carbohydrates

12
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fructose and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644139/
"The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that the adverse association of SSBs with MetS does not extend to other food sources of fructose-containing sugars, with a protective association for yogurt and fruit throughout the dose range and for 100% fruit juice and mixed fruit juices at moderate doses. Therefore, current policies and guidelines on the need to limit sources of free sugars may need to be reexamined."
#disease
#metabolic_syndrome
#sugar
#sugar_sweetened_beverages
#fruit
#yogurt
#fructose
#nutrition

14
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fructose and liver fat.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22952180/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25825943/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27023594/
#disease
#weight_loss
#weight_gain
#non_alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease
#sugar
#sugar_sweetened_beverages
#fructose
#nutrition

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fruit and liver fat.md Normal file
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Alami, Farkhondeh, et al. ‘The Effect of a Fruit-Rich Diet on Liver Biomarkers, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Profile in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial’. _Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology_, June 2022, pp. 1–12. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2022.2071109.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35710164/
**Calorie Intake Differences:**
![[Pasted image 20220728110640.png]]
**Notes:**
- [[Roy Taylor's work on T2DM]] suggests that there may be a sigmoidal relationship between liver fat and BMI.
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, the present study found that 6 months of
intervention with FRD exacerbated steatosis, dyslipidemia,
and glycemic control of NAFLD patients. It is possible that
excessive fruit consumption makes worse the condition of
patients with fatty liver. According to the findings of the
study, fruits intake increases the fat content of the hepatocyte probably through the lipogenic effect of fructose. To
clarify the issue, more studies specifying a range for fruit
intake (with minimum and maximum values) and considering
obese patients and patients with different grades of fatty
liver are warranted.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/The effect of a fruit-rich diet on liver biomarkers, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease- a randomized clinical trial.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| -------------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| #liver_enzymes | #fruit | #humans | #nutrition | |
| #insulin_sensitivity | | | #clinical_trials | |
| #blood_glucose | | | #disease | |
| #insulin | | | #non_alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease | |
| | | | #clown_papers | |
| | | | #clownery | |
****
Johnston, Richard D., et al. ‘No Difference Between High-Fructose and High-Glucose Diets on Liver Triacylglycerol or Biochemistry in Healthy Overweight Men’. _Gastroenterology_, vol. 145, no. 5, Nov. 2013, pp. 1016-1025.e2. _DOI.org (Crossref)_, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.012.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23872500/
****
**Conclusions:**
>Features of NAFLD including steatosis, and elevated serum transaminases and
triglycerides occurred during energy overfeeding. The present study reports no difference in
these parameters between fructose and glucose. The greater uric acid concentration with
fructose was evidence of a reduced pre pyruvate metabolic control, though it appears to have
no hepatic impact in terms of hepatic volume, TAG storage, insulin resistance, glycogen
synthesis, fasted ATP content, and biochemical assays of liver function. As such, any advice on
low fructose diets in NAFLD remains unjustified. Further assessments are needed to assess if
the energy overfeeding changes are monosaccharide specific, and to assess the outcomes of
low monosaccharide intakes in NAFLD patients.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/j.gastro.2013.07.012.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| -------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ---------------- | ---------- |
| #non_alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease | #glucose | #humans | #disease | |
| #liver_enzymes | #fructose | | #clinical_trials | |
| | | | #nutrition | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
****

22
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fruit and risk markers.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110020/
"Adding naturally occurring levels of fiber to juice did not enhance satiety. These results suggest that solid fruit affects satiety more than pureed fruit or juice, and that eating fruit at the start of a meal can reduce energy intake."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31139631/
"Current evidence suggests that whole, fresh fruit consumption is unlikely to contribute to excess energy intake and adiposity, but rather has little effect on these outcomes or constrains them modestly. Single-meal RCTs, RCTs lasting 3-24 weeks, and long-term observational studies are relatively consistent in supporting this conclusion. Whole, fresh fruit probably does not contribute to obesity and may have a place in the prevention and management of excess adiposity."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110020/
"Overall, whole apple increased satiety more than applesauce or apple juice. Adding naturally occurring levels of fiber to juice did not enhance satiety. These results suggest that solid fruit affects satiety more than pureed fruit or juice, and that eating fruit at the start of a meal can reduce energy intake."
#fruit
#disease
#obesity
#weight_gain
#satiety
#energy_intake
#processed_food
#plant_foods
#blood_lipids
#nutrition

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Fruit and vegetables and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28338764/
"Fruit and vegetable intakes were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. These results support public health recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25073782/
"This meta-analysis provides further evidence that a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of all cause mortality, particularly cardiovascular mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31382535/
"Given a common co-occurrence of two non-communicable diseases in the elderly and the low frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption in this population, interventions to promote consuming five or more servings per day could have a significant positive impact on reducing mortality."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30639206/
"This systematic review supports existing recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes. Current comparative risk assessments might significantly underestimate the protective associations of fruit and vegetable intakes."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30995309/
"The results support the need to consider the degree of food processing in future epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials in order to adjust official recommendations for fruit consumption."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33000670/
"Conclusions Fruits and vegetables are associated with cardiovascular benefit, with some sources associated with greater benefit and none showing an adverse association."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11171873/
"Our results suggest an inverse association between vegetable intake and risk of CHD. These prospective data support current dietary guidelines to increase vegetable intake for the prevention of CHD."
#fruit
#vegetables
#cardiovascular_disease
#cancer
#all_cause_mortality
#type_2_diabetes
#nutrition
#stroke
#coronary_heart_disease
#plant_foods
#nutrition

8
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Genetically modified algae oil.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30975228/
#nutrition
#polyunsaturated_fat
#omega_3
#docosahexaenoic_acid
#eicosapentaenoic_acid
#algae

9
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Gluconeogenesis and dietary amino acids.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23274906/
"These findings question the respective roles of dietary proteins and endogenous sources in generating significant amounts of glucose in order to maintain blood glucose levels in healthy subjects."
#gluconeogenesis
#low_carb_talking_points
#protein
#keto
#nutrition

10
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Glucooneogenesis during fasting.md Normal file
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![[Pasted image 20220423100727.png]]
#nutrition
#gluconeogenesis
#fasting
#keto
#low_carb_talking_points
#blood_glucose
#ketones
#metabolism

9
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Gluten and disease risk.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28465308/
#nutrition
#gluten
#wheat
#whole_grains
#disease
#coronary_heart_disease
#celiac_disease

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🥙 Nutrition Vault/Gluten and type 1 diabetes risk.md Normal file
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Lund-Blix, Nicolai A., et al. ‘Gluten Intake and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Increased Risk of the Disease: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)’. _Diabetes Care_, vol. 42, no. 5, May 2019, pp. 789–96. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-2315.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30796108/
**Gluten and T1DM Risk:**
![[Pasted image 20220219214824.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>Our finding of the early introduction of gluten before 4 months of age as a potential risk factor for progression to type 1 diabetes supports general infant feeding recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Given our finding of no association between the amount of gluten intake at age 1–2 years or throughout childhood and adolescence and the risk of islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes, we conclude that there is no rationale to reduce the amount of gluten during childhood and adolescence in the high risk population to prevent the development of type 1 diabetes.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/dc182315.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | ------------- | ---------- |
| #autoantibodies | #gluten | #infants | #disease | |
| #T1DM | #whole_grains | #children | #nutrition | |
| | #refined_grains | #humans | #auto_immune | |
| | | | #epidemiology | |
****
Ziegler, Anette-G., et al. ‘Early Infant Feeding and Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies’. _JAMA_, vol. 290, no. 13, Oct. 2003, pp. 1721–28. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.13.1721.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14519706/
**Risk for Islet Autoantibodies:**
![[Pasted image 20220219193337.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>In conclusion, this study finds early introduction of gluten-containing foods to be a risk factor for the development of type 1 DM-associated autoimmunity in children with HLA-DR3/DR4-DQ8 genotype of parents with type 1 DM. Although CIs are large and therefore the magnitude of the contribution to type 1 DM risk cannot be accurately assessed from this study, the data suggest that the prevalence of islet autoimmunity could be reduced if all families complied with infant feeding guidelines and did not introduce gluten-containing and solid foods to infants until after age 3 months. A significant effect on type 1 DM incidence may be expected if the association also is found with type 1 DM risk and if it is found in children of parents without DM.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/joc30385.pdf]]
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | ------------- | ---------- |
| #autoantibodies | #gluten | #infants | #disease | |
| #T1DM | #whole_grains | #children | #nutrition | |
| | #refined_grains | #humans | #auto_immune | |
| | | | #epidemiology | |
****
Norris, Jill M., et al. ‘Timing of Initial Cereal Exposure in Infancy and Risk of Islet Autoimmunity’. _JAMA_, vol. 290, no. 13, Oct. 2003, pp. 1713–20. _PubMed_, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.13.1713.
**Link:**
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14519705/
**Age of Cereal Exposure and Islet Autoimmunity:**
![[Pasted image 20220219193833.png]]
**Conclusions:**
>Of our cohort, 31% were exposed to cereals outside of the 4- to 6-month age time window, yielding an adjusted HR of 4.3 for IA. Using this to calculate the population percent attributable risk, we found that 50% of IA would be eliminated in this population of children at moderate and high risk for type 1 DM if cereals were first introduced to the infant's diet between 4 and 6 months of age. While this population percent attributable risk is not directly applicable to the general population because it was derived from a population that was selected for being at increased risk for type 1 DM, it does indicate that manipulation of this infant diet exposure could have a strong impact on risk in children at increased risk for type 1 DM and potentially in the general public as well. We recommend that these results be confirmed in other prospective cohorts of children at risk for type 1 DM before any interventions are implemented. Additional studies may shed light on the importance of quantity of exposure and/or whether the risk is related to exposure to specific antigens or to other components of cereals. Our results do not suggest any need to change the current US infant feeding guidelines with regard to cereal introduction.
**PDF:**
[[📂 Media/PDFs/joc30623.pdf]]
**Supplements:**
| **Endpoints** | **Exposures** | **Populations** | **General** | **People** |
| --------------- | --------------- | --------------- | ------------- | ---------- |
| #autoantibodies | #gluten | #infants | #disease | |
| #T1DM | #whole_grains | #children | #nutrition | |
| | #refined_grains | #humans | #auto_immune | |
| | | | #epidemiology | |
****

11
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Gluten sensitivity without celiac disease.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23648697/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31129127/
#nutrition
#disease
#celiac_disease
#gluten
#wheat
#FODMAPs
#digestive_health

10
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Glycemic index.md Normal file
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https://glycemicindex.com/gi-search/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9356547/
#nutrition
#blood_glucose
#insulin
#glycemic_index
#databases
#carbohydrates

6
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Glycogen storage in humans.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3165600/
#nutrition
#physiology
#glycogen
#carbohydrates

9
🥙 Nutrition Vault/Golden rice.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19369372/
#public_health
#vitamin_a
#beta_carotene
#nutritional_status
#nutrition
#ap_argument
#golden_rice

6
🥙 Nutrition Vault/HDL and CVD in high-risk populations.md Normal file
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35583863/
#disease
#cardiovascular_disease
#LDL
#HDL

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