feat: added hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/4e6 antibody assay.md

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+# 4E6 Antibody Assay for oxLDL
+
+The Mercodia 4E6 antibody assay is often used to measure [[oxidized low-density lipoproteins]] [(1)](https://www.mercodia.com/products/oxidized-ldl-elisa/). It is directed against a conformational epitope in the ApoB-100 moiety of [[low-density lipoproteins]] that is generated as a consequence of substitution of at least 60 lysine residues of ApoB-100 with aldehydes [(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16762956/). Some have claimed that the 4E6 assay is a [[seed oil claims - 4e6 antibody assay]], but their arguments are not particularly strong.
+
+# References
+
+1. https://www.mercodia.com/products/oxidized-ldl-elisa/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16762956/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#lipidology
+#oxidized_low-density_lipoproteins 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#4e6_antibody_assay 
+#malondialdehyde
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/LA Veterans Administration Hospital Study.md

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+# LA Veterans Trial
+
+The LA Veterans Administration Hospital Study (LAVAT) was an eight-year double-blind RCT, first reported on by Dayton et al. (1969), and aimed to investigate the effects of substituting seed oils for animal fat on the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]] [(1)](https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.40.1S2.II-1)[(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4189785/). The researchers actually took enormous care to ensure that the substitution of seed oils for animal fat was the only substitution the subjects were making. Even going so far as providing ice cream made out of seed oils rather than dairy fat [(3)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13907771/).
+
+It's important to acknowledge that the trial observed statistically significant increases in dietary [[linoleic acid]] (LA) and LA tissue representation in the seed oil group. LA was higher across all measured tissue compartments when comparing subjects with an adherence of at least 88% to control.
+
+## Outcomes
+
+#### Cardiovascular
+
+With respect to the primary outcomes, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction, there was a statistically non-significant decrease in events in the seed oil group. Despite being non-significant, the results are not expected on the hypothesis that seed oils increase the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]] (CVD).
+
+- **IHD and AMI:**
+	- RR: 0.74 [0.51, 1.06]
+
+When acute cerebral infarction (ACI) is added to the composite endpoint, there is a statistically significant decrease in risk in the seed oil group. Results that are truly unexpected on the the hypothesis that seed oils increase the risk of CVD.
+
+- **IHD, AMI, and ACI:**
+	- RR: 0.64 [0.46, 0.88]
+
+When the results are scoped to only include fatal atherosclerotic CVD events, the results are also statistically significantly in favour of the seed oil group.
+
+- **Fatal ASCVD:**
+	- RR: 0.67 [0.46, 0.96]
+
+#### Cancer
+
+Among the secondary endpoints was total carcinoma, which showed a borderline statistically significant increase in carcinomas in the seed oil group [(4)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4100347/).
+
+- **Carcinoma:**
+	- RR: 1.80 [0.96, 3.35]
+
+This may look worrying at first, but a good explanation was provided by the authors themselves:
+
+>"Many of the cancer deaths in the experimental group were among those who did not adhere closely to the diet. This reduces the possibility that the feeding of polyunsaturated oils was responsible for the excess carcinoma mortality observed in the experimental group. However, there were significantly more low adherers in the entire experimental group than in the controls (table VI). In both groups, the numbers of cancer deaths among the various adherence strata are compatible with random distribution (table V). A high incidence among high adherers would be expected if some constituent of the experimental diet were contributing to cancer fatality."
+
+Additionally, there was an included table that stratified cigarette consumption subgroup by carcinoma. There was a disproportionately higher number of carcinomas within the 1/2-1 pack/day group:
+
+| Cigarette smoking | Control    |                    |                    | Experimental |                    |                    |
+| ----------------- | ---------- | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ |
+|                   | No. of men | Carcinoma observed | Carcinoma adjusted | No. of men   | Carcinoma observed | Carcinoma adjusted |
+| Unknown           | 57         | 2                  | 1.74               | 42           | 1                  | 1.15               |
+| > 2 packs/day     | 13         | 0                  | 0                  | 7            | 0                  | 0                  |
+| 1-2 packs/day     | 57         | 2                  | 1.66               | 38           | 4                  | 5.00               |
+| 1/2-1 pack/day    | 129        | 6                  | 7.02               | 173          | 19                 | 16.53              |
+| < 1/2 pack/day    | 62         | 3                  | 2.61               | 46           | 4                  | 1.64               |
+| Occasional        | 18         | 1                  | 1.03               | 19           | 0                  | 0                  |
+| None              | 86         | 3                  | 3.24               | 99           | 3                  | 2.79               |
+| **Total**         | **422**    | **17**             | **17.30**          | **424**      | **31**             | **30.15**          |
+
+If we turn our attention to the table that stratifies carcinomas by adherence, we can see that the majority of the excess carcinomas occurred only in the lowest adherence strata:
+
+| Adherence (%) | Control group | Experimental group |
+|---------------|---------------|--------------------|
+| 0-10          | 2             | 10                 |
+| 10-20         | 1             | 2                  |
+| 20-30         | 1             | 3                  |
+| 30-40         | 0             | 0                  |
+| 40-50         | 3             | 3                  |
+| 50-60         | 3             | 3                  |
+| 60-70         | 0             | 4                  |
+| 70-80         | 2             | 2                  |
+| 80-90         | 4             | 1                  |
+| 90-100        | 1             | 3                  |
+| **Total**     | **17**        | **31**             |
+
+Given the numbers in the first table, one of the only reasonable explanations is that the excess carcinomas were occurring in non-adherent smokers in the intervention group. This certainly is not expected on the hypothesis that seed oils increase the risk of [[cancer]].
+
+Furthermore, when you account for this by removing the moderate smokers, there was a statistically non-significant decrease in carcinoma risk in the seed oil group:
+
+- **Carcinoma Adjusted:**
+	- RR: 0.65 [0.14, 2.98]
+
+##### Skin Cancer
+
+Lastly, there was a post-hoc analysis of skin cancer performed by Pearce et al. (1971), wherein we see that in the seed oil group, there were ten cases of skin cancer, whereas in the animal fat group there were 21:
+
+| Site                             | Diet phase |              | Post-diet phase |              |
+| -------------------------------- | ---------- | ------------ | --------------- | ------------ |
+|                                  | Control    | Experimental | Control         | Experimental |
+| Buccal and pharynx               | 6          | 10           | 1               | 0            |
+| Digestive and peritoneum         |            |              |                 |              |
+| Stomach                          | 6          | 12           | 6               | 3            |
+| Other                            | 1          | 6            | 2               | 0            |
+| Respiratory                      |            |              |                 |              |
+| Lung and bronchus                | 13         | 12           | 4               | 3            |
+| Other                            | 0          | 1            | 1               | 1            |
+| Genitourinary                    | 10         | 16           | 2               | 2            |
+| Prostate                         | 8          | 2            | 3               | 3            |
+| Other                            | 2          | 5            | 0               | 2            |
+| Total carcinomas, excluding skin | 35         | 57           | 12              | 7            |
+| ==**Skin carcinomas**==          | ==**21**== | ==**13**==   | ==**4**==       | ==**2**==    |
+| Other malignancies*              | 3          | 0            | 1               | 2            |
+| Fatal benign tumor               | 0          | 0            | 0               | 0            |
+| **Total**                        | **59**     | **70**       | **17**          | **11**       |
+
+#### Body Weight
+
+Some argue that seed oils increase the risk of obesity, however in this eight-year RCT, body weight fluctuated for both groups, and stayed roughly within 1% of baseline for both groups. Essentially subjects ended up essentially where they started in terms of body weight on average.
+
+![[Pasted image 20240714002415.png]]
+
+# References
+
+1. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.40.1S2.II-1
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4189785/
+3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13907771/
+4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4100347/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#body_weight 
+#cancer
+#cardiology 
+#cardiovascular_disease
+#heart_attack 
+#heart_disease 
+#la_veterans 
+#linoleic_acid 
+#lipidology 
+#randomized_controlled_trial
+#stroke 
+#seed_oils  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/age-related macular degeneration.md

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+# Age-Related Macular Degeneration
+
+Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is typically an age-mediated condition of the retina that blurs vision, and usually worsens over time. It may even result in blindness. The primary risk factors are genetic predisposition, smoking, and poor [[lifestyle]] habits, such as following a [[standard american diet]]. Regular eye exams, lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise), smoking cessation, can reduce the risk of developing AMD.
+
+**Key features of age-related macular degeneration:**
+
+- Blurred or distorted vision, blind spots, difficulty reading or recognizing faces, and sensitivity to light.
+- Degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors, which can lead to choroidal neovascularization and scarring.
+- Often results in irreversible vision loss, difficulty performing daily activities, depression, and anxiety.
+
+The pathophysiology of AMD is still not very well understood, and there are many hypotheses that can account for the phenomenon. However, certain genetic mediators have been discovered, though their precise mechanisms have yet to be elucidated.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#macular_degeneration
+#ophthalmology
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins.md

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+# ApoB
+
+ApoB-containing lipoproteins are particles that transport lipids in the bloodstream. The main classes are:
+
+1. **Chylomicrons:** Largest particles, rich in triglycerides, formed in intestinal cells.
+2. **Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL):** Produced by the liver, carry endogenous triglycerides.
+3. **Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDL):** Formed from VLDL, intermediate between VLDL and LDL.
+4. **Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL):** Derived from VLDL and IDL, [[low-density lipoproteins]] are the main carriers of cholesterol to tissues.
+5. **Lipoprotein(a):** Similar to LDL but contains an additional protein, apo(a).
+
+These particles vary in size, density, and lipid composition, with ApoB serving as the primary structural protein. They play crucial roles in lipid metabolism and, other than chylomicrons, are associated with cardiovascular disease risk.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#apob
+#cholesterol
+#chylomicrons
+#dietary_fat 
+#lipidology
+#lipids
+#lipoproteins
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#very_low-density_lipoproteins
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/appeal from incredulity.md

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+# Appeal from Incredulity
+
+The hallmark of this fallacy is assuming that a proposition is false merely because you personally do not believe, or can't imagine, that the proposition is true. This fallacy is tightly tied to the cognitive bias known as confirmation bias, which will be discussed later.
+
+>**Example:** "That's nonsense, because I just can't believe it!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#appeal_from_incredulity
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/appeal to authority.md

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+# Appeal to Authority
+
+When one appeals to authority, it simply means that one affirms that a proposition is true in virtue of it being uttered by an authority. This fallacy typically pervasive within any domain wherein there are experts who publicly profess their opinions.
+
+>**Example:** "The carnivore diet is healthy because Paul Saladino concluded this after years of researching diet!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#appeal_to_authority
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/appeal to ignorance.md

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+# Appeal to Ignorance
+
+An appeal to ignorance is typically defined as affirming that a proposition is true merely because it has not been shown to be false. This is common in domains of science wherein evidence for a particular research question is scant, and the gaps in knowledge can be filled with poor reasoning.
+
+>**Example:** "It's never been shown that blueberries don't cure cancer, so we're safe in assuming that blueberries do cure cancer!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#appeal_to_ignorance
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/appeal to nature.md

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+# Appeal to Nature
+
+An appeal to nature is characterized by the affirmation that something is good, preferable, or desirable, merely because it is natural. This fallacy is common in the domain of human health, such as when health product advertisers claim that their product is beneficial because it either contains more natural ingredients or fewer artificial ingredients.
+
+>**Example:** "Red meat is clearly healthy for humans if we evolved consuming it!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#appeal_to_nature
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/arrhythmia.md

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+# Arrythmia
+
+Arrhythmia, also known as irregular heartbeat, is a condition where the heart beats abnormally [(1)](https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/arrhythmias). This can be due to various factors including genetic predisposition, poor [[lifestyle]] habits, such as following a [[standard american diet]], and underlying medical conditions.
+
+**Key features of arrythmia:**
+
+- Irregular or abnormal heartbeat, which can feel like skipping beats, palpitations, or fluttering in the chest.
+- Can lead to reduced cardiac output, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness.
+- Untreated arrhythmia increases the risk of stroke and heart failure due to blood clots forming in the atria or ventricles.
+
+There are many types of arrhythmias, including [[atrial fibrillation]], atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia. Risk factors are similar to those for [[cardiovascular disease]], with an emphasis on age, family history, hypertension, smoking, and physical inactivity. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating lifestyle changes, pharmacological interventions, and potentially interventional or surgical procedures.
+
+# References
+
+1. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/arrhythmias
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cardiovascular_disease 
+#cardiology
+#arrhythmia
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/atherosclerosis.md

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+# Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
+
+Atherosclerosis is a progressive, inflammatory disease of the arteries that develops over many years. This can be due to various factors including genetic predisposition, poor [[lifestyle]] habits, such as following a [[standard american diet]], and underlying medical conditions. It typically begins with endothelial dysfunction (though not always), allowing [[lipoproteins]], particularly [[low-density lipoproteins]], to accumulate in the arterial wall [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34773457/)[(2)](). This triggers an inflammatory response, leading to a cascade of events:
+
+- Recruitment of immune cells, especially monocytes, which differentiate into macrophages.
+- Formation of foam cells as macrophages engulf [[oxidized low-density lipoproteins]].
+- Migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells from the media to the [[subendothelial space]].
+- Production of extracellular matrix, forming a fibrous cap over the lipid-rich core.
+
+**Key features of atherosclerosis:**
+
+- Narrowing of the artery lumen, potentially restricting blood flow.
+- Rupture and subsequent thrombosis, leading to a [[heart attack]].
+- Chronic inflammatory process.
+- Affects various arterial beds (coronary, cerebral, peripheral).
+- Major cause of cardiovascular diseases.
+- Influenced by multiple risk factors (e.g., dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes).
+
+Management focuses on risk factor modification through lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions. The goal is to slow progression, stabilize plaques, and prevent complications like myocardial infarction and stroke.
+
+# References
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34773457/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052833/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cardiovascular_disease 
+#atherosclerosis
+#heart_disease 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#inflammation
+#subendothelial_space 
+#heart_attack
+#oxidized_low-density_lipoproteins
+#cholesterol 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/begging the question.md

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+# Begging the Question
+
+Colloquially, begging the question may be understood as merely leaving certain questions unanswered after an argument is rendered. However, in philosophy, begging the question has a very different definition, and refers to a type of circular reasoning. Begging the question specifically refers to the act of presupposing the conclusion of an argument in its premises. That is to say that at least one of the premises of an argument will hinge on that argument's conclusion being true.
+
+>**Example:** "God exists because it is stated in his own words in the Bible!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#begging_the_question
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/cardiovascular disease.md

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+# Cardiovascular Disease
+
+Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels, including coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and stroke. It is often caused by [[atherosclerosis]], where plaque builds up in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow. This can be caused by various factors including genetic predisposition, poor [[lifestyle]] habits, such as following a [[standard american diet]], and underlying medical conditions. CVD is a leading cause of death globally. CVD may also refer to other diseases and disorders such as [[hypertension]], [[arrhythmia]], [[atrial fibrillation]].
+
+**Key features of cardiovascular disease:**
+
+- Narrowing or blockage of blood vessels, potentially restricting blood flow to vital organs.
+- Damage or dysfunction of the heart muscle, valves, or electrical conduction system.
+- Chronic [[inflammation]] and [[oxidative stress]] contributing to disease progression.
+- Major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with significant economic burden on healthcare systems.
+
+Management can involve modifying various risk factors through lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, smoking cessation) and pharmacological interventions. Interventional procedures (angioplasty, stenting) or surgical interventions to restore blood flow may be required.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cardiovascular_disease 
+#cardiology 
+#heart_disease 
+#hypertension
+#lipidology 
+#lipoproteins 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#stroke
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/cholestasis.md

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+# Cholestasis
+
+Cholestasis is a pathological condition characterized by the impairment or cessation of bile flow. In this disorder, bile, which is normally produced by liver cells and transported through bile ducts to the gallbladder and small intestine, becomes blocked or slowed.
+
+**Key features of cholestasis:**
+
+1. **Accumulation of bile components:** Substances normally excreted in bile (such as bilirubin, bile acids, and cholesterol) build up in the liver and bloodstream.
+2. **Jaundice:** The hallmark sign, resulting from elevated bilirubin levels in the blood, causing yellowing of the skin and eyes.
+3. **Pruritus:** Severe itching, often one of the most distressing symptoms, caused by the accumulation of bile acids in the skin.
+4. **Impaired fat absorption:** Due to reduced bile flow into the intestine, leading to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
+5. **Steatorrhea:** Fatty stools due to impaired fat digestion and absorption.
+6. **Potential liver damage:** Prolonged cholestasis can lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis of the liver.
+
+Cholestasis can occur within the liver (intrahepatic) or in the bile ducts outside the liver (extrahepatic). It can be acute or chronic, and its severity can range from mild to life-threatening, depending on the underlying cause and duration.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#liver_function
+#cholestasis
+#gallstones
+#gallbladder
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/coronary heart disease.md

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+# Coronary Heart Disease
+
+Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque, known as [[atherosclerosis]]. This reduction in blood flow can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. This can be caused by various factors including genetic predisposition, poor [[lifestyle]] habits, such as following a [[standard american diet]], and underlying medical conditions.****
+
+**Key features of coronary heart disease:**
+
+- Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis.
+- Reduced blood flow to the myocardium (heart muscle), potentially leading to ischemia and infarction.
+- May present acutely as [[myocardial infarction]] or chronically as stable angina.
+
+Severe blockages can lead to heart attacks, where part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. CHD is a major cause of death and disability globally, often preventable through [[lifestyle]] changes and medical treatment.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cardiovascular_disease 
+#heart_disease 
+#atherosclerosis 
+#cardiology 
+#lipidology 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/ecological fallacy.md

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+# Ecological Fallacy
+
+The ecological fallacy is a common error in reasoning that occurs when causal relationships are assumed from correlations or associations between variables. This logical misstep is prevalent across various fields, including social sciences, epidemiology, economics, and data analysis.
+
+Key aspects of the ecological fallacy include:
+
+1. Misattribution of causality based on observed associations
+2. Failure to account for confounding variables or alternative explanations
+3. Overgeneralization from one level of analysis to another
+4. Neglect of individual variation within groups
+
+The fallacy serves as a reminder of the complexities involved in analyzing data and drawing meaningful conclusions. It highlights the importance of rigorous experimental design and careful interpretation of observational studies.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#ecological_fallacy 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/equivocation.md

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+# Equivocation
+
+An equivocation occurs when one uses a term with a certain meaning in one part of their argument, like the premises, but also uses the same term with a different meaning in another part of their argument, like the conclusion. This is an extremely common fallacy, and occurs often across virtually all domains of debate.
+
+>**Example:** "The announcer said the game ended with a tie, but I didn't see any string, so the announcer must be wrong."
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#equivocation
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/genetic fallacy.md

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+The crux of the genetic fallacy is to conclude that a position is wrong merely in virtue of the one uttering the position. This type of fallacy is remarkably common, if not ubiquitous, in the political debate sphere.  
+
+>**Example:** "I know what Joe Biden says is wrong, because Joe Biden is an idiot."
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#genetic_fallacy
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/high-density lipoproteins.md

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+HDL particles function primarily to transport cholesterol from the bloodstream and artery walls to the liver, where it can be processed and excreted from the body. This process may help to reduce the risk of [[cholesterol]] buildup and [[atherosclerosis]], thereby protecting against [[coronary heart disease]]. Higher levels of HDL are generally associated with a lower risk of [[cardiovascular disease]], making them a crucial component of lipid management and overall cardiovascular health.
+
+It was once believed that HDL was cardio-protective, however recent data has thrown this conclusion into question [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32113648/)[(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27673306/). 
+
+# References
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32113648/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27673306/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#high-density_lipoproteins 
+#lipidology 
+#lipids 
+#lipoproteins 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/inflammation.md

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+Inflammation is the body's natural defense against injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It increases blood flow to the affected area, bringing immune cells to fight pathogens and repair tissue.
+
+**Key features of inflammation:**
+
+- Response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or tissue damage.
+- Increased vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, and the production of various chemical mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines).
+- Can encompass acute (short-term) and/or chronic (long-term); localized and/or systemic; innate and/or adaptive immune responses.
+- Contributes to tissue damage and disease progression in conditions like [[atherosclerosis]], [[autoimmune disease]], and [[cancer]].
+
+Acute inflammation is a short-term, often beneficial response, while chronic inflammation is prolonged and can lead to diseases like [[arthritis]], [[heart disease]], and cancer. This can be due to various factors including genetic predisposition, poor [[lifestyle]] habits, such as following a [[standard american diet]], and underlying medical conditions. Managing inflammation is crucial for health and can be achieved through lifestyle changes and medications.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#immunology
+#inflammation 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/linoleic acid.md

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+Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid that plays a crucial role in human health. Here's a concise description:
+
+1. **Chemical structure:** It's an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid with two double bonds (18:2 ω-6).
+2. **Classification:** Omega-6 fatty acid.
+3. **Essentiality:** Cannot be synthesized by the human body, must be obtained through diet.
+4. **Dietary sources:** Found in vegetable oils (e.g., sunflower, safflower, soybean), nuts, and seeds.
+5. **Functions:**
+    - Component of cell membranes
+    - Precursor for arachidonic acid and eicosanoids
+    - Involved in skin health and barrier function
+    - Important for growth and development
+6. **Recommended intake:** 12-17 grams per day for adults, depending on gender and total caloric intake.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#linoleic_acid
+#polyunsaturated_fats
+#seed_oils  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/lipoproteins.md

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+Lipoproteins are complexes of lipids and proteins that transport fats through the bloodstream. They are crucial for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of lipids such as [[cholesterol]] and triglycerides.
+
+Lipoproteins are classified based on their density: [[high-density lipoproteins]] (HDL) are known, somewhat imprecisely, as "good cholesterol" because they transport cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver for excretion, while [[low-density lipoproteins]] (LDL) are known as, also imprecisely, "bad cholesterol" because they can deposit cholesterol in artery walls, leading to atherosclerosis.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#lipidology
+#lipoproteins 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#very_low-density_lipoproteins 
+#high-density_lipoproteins
+#cholesterol 
+#apob 
+#apoa
+#dietary_fat 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/low-density lipoproteins.md

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+# Low-Density Lipoproteins
+
+Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are types of [[lipoproteins]] that plays a crucial role in cholesterol transport within the human body. Often, and somewhat imprecisely, referred to as "bad cholesterol", LDL is a complex of lipids and proteins that carries [[cholesterol]] from the liver to various tissues throughout the body.
+
+Structurally, LDL particles consist of:
+
+- A core of cholesterol esters and triglycerides.
+- An outer layer of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol.
+- A single apolipoprotein B-100 molecule.
+
+LDL particles are formed in the bloodstream as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) lose triglycerides through the action of lipoprotein lipase. As this process continues, VLDL particles become increasingly dense, eventually forming LDL.
+
+However, elevated levels of LDL in the bloodstream are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly [[atherosclerosis]]. This is because excess LDL can penetrate the arterial wall and become [[oxidized low-density lipoproteins]], triggering [[inflammation]] that leads to plaque formation.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#lipids 
+#cholesterol 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#oxidized_low-density_lipoproteins 
+#dietary_fat 
+#apob 
+#cardiology 
+#heart_disease 
+#heart_attack 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/mechanistic speculation.md

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+Mechanistic speculation in health sciences can be problematic from an epistemic standpoint for several reasons:
+
+1. **Complexity of biological systems:** Human health and disease involve intricate, interconnected systems that are often not fully understood. Speculating about mechanisms without sufficient evidence can oversimplify these complex relationships.
+2. **Risk of confirmation bias:** Researchers may be tempted to fit data to their proposed mechanisms, potentially overlooking contradictory evidence or alternative explanations.
+3. **Lack of empirical support:** Speculative mechanisms often lack robust empirical evidence, making them unreliable bases for clinical decisions or further research.
+4. **Potential for misleading conclusions:** Unfounded mechanistic explanations can lead to incorrect assumptions about disease processes or treatment efficacy, potentially misdirecting research efforts or clinical practice.
+5. **Difficulty in falsification:** Speculative mechanisms may be challenging to disprove, leading to the persistence of incorrect ideas in the scientific literature.
+6. **Resource allocation issues:** Pursuing research based on speculative mechanisms may divert resources from more promising evidence-based approaches.
+7. **Ethical concerns:** In clinical settings, basing treatments on speculative mechanisms rather than evidence-based practices can put patients at risk.
+
+Instead of relying on mechanistic speculation, the health sciences generally prioritize empirical evidence, rigorous experimental and observational study designs, and validated statistical analyses to draw conclusions.
+
+>**Example:** "Of course seed oils increase the risk of heart disease, because they oxidize LDL particles, and oxidization of LDL particles is a necessary step in heart disease!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#mechanistic_speculation 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/muddying the waters.md

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+# Muddying the Waters
+
+Muddying the waters is less of a fallacy and more of a rhetorical device designed to obfuscate and make one's position extremely ambiguous or unclear. This is extremely prevalent in political or ethical debates, wherein it is common to vaguely gesture at your opponent with the mere appearance of disagreement rather than actually providing clear arguments.
+
+>**Example:** "We all know those studies are bad, because you just follow the money if you want to know the truth!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#muddying_the_waters
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/obesity.md

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+Obesity is a complex medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat to an extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater, although this measure has limitations and doesn't account for body composition.
+
+Key aspects of obesity include:
+
+- Imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure.
+- Genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development.
+- Association with numerous health complications.
+
+Obesity is considered a major public health concern due to its prevalence and associated health risks. These risks include:
+
+- Increased adipose tissue mass
+- Hormonal imbalances
+- Chronic low-grade inflammation
+- Cardiovascular diseases
+- Type 2 diabetes
+- Certain cancers
+- Osteoarthritis
+- Sleep apnea
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#obesity 
+#body_weight 
+#type_2_diabetes 
+#hyperphagia
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/oxidized low-density lipoproteins.md

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+# oxLDL
+
+Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are forms of [[low-density lipoproteins]] that have undergone oxidative modification. These particles contribute to the development of [[atherosclerosis]] by promoting inflammation and the formation of plaque in the [[subendothelial space]]. OxLDL is more readily taken up by macrophages, leading to the formation of foam cells and fatty streaks, which are early signs of atherosclerosis.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#oxidized_low-density_lipoproteins 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#lipidology 
+#cardiology 
+#4e6_antibody_assay
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/phytosterols.md

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+# Phytosterols
+
+Phytosterols are plant-derived compounds structurally similar to [[cholesterol]]. They are found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and plant oils. Phytosterols help lower blood levels of cholesterol contained in [[lipoproteins]] by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive system, thus reducing overall blood cholesterol levels. Regular intake of phytosterols is associated with a decreased risk of [[cardiovascular disease]] but perhaps an increased risk of [[cholestasis]].
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cholestasis 
+#gallbladder 
+#gallstones 
+#lipidology 
+#lipids 
+#liver_function 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/processed foods.md

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+# NOVA Classification System
+
+The NOVA classification system is a framework for categorizing foods based on their degree of processing [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19366466/). Developed by researchers at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, it aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of food processing on health.
+
+The system divides foods into four groups:
+
+1. **Unprocessed or minimally processed foods:** Natural foods altered slightly through processes like drying, boiling, or freezing.
+2. **Processed culinary ingredients:** Substances extracted from natural foods, such as oils, butter, sugar, and salt.
+3. **Processed foods:** Foods altered by adding ingredients like salt, sugar, or oil, such as canned vegetables, cheeses, and freshly made bread.
+4. **Ultra-processed foods:** Industrial formulations with little to no whole foods, often containing additives for flavour, texture, or shelf life, such as snacks, soft drinks, and ready-to-eat meals.
+
+This system helps understand the impact of food processing on health and guides healthier dietary choices.
+
+# References
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19366466/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#diets 
+#processed_food 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/proteoglycans.md

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+
+# Proteoglycans
+
+Proteoglycans are complex macromolecules that play crucial roles in various tissues, including the subendothelial space of arteries.
+
+General structure of proteoglycans:
+
+1. Core protein.
+2. One or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently attached.
+3. GAGs are long, unbranched polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units.
+
+Proteoglycans in the subendothelial space of arteries:
+
+1. Main types:
+    - Versican (large aggregating proteoglycan).
+    - Biglycan and decorin (small leucine-rich proteoglycans).
+    - Perlecan (basement membrane proteoglycan).
+2. Functions:
+    - Structural support and tissue organization.
+    - Regulation of water content and tissue hydration.
+    - Interaction with lipoproteins, particularly [[low-density lipoproteins]].
+    - Modulation of cell adhesion and migration.
+    - Regulation of growth factor activity.
+3. Role in atherosclerosis:
+    - Retention of [[apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins]].
+    - Contribution to the formation of [[atherosclerotic plaques]].
+    - Modulation of inflammatory responses.
+4. Interactions:
+    - Bind to other extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen, elastin).
+    - Interact with cell surface receptors.
+    - Sequester growth factors and cytokines.
+5. Regulation:
+    - Synthesis and degradation influenced by mechanical forces, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators.
+
+Understanding the role of proteoglycans in the [[subendothelial space]] is crucial for comprehending arterial physiology and pathophysiology, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis development.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#proteoglycans 
+#subendothelial_space
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#heart_disease 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/red herring.md

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+# Red Herring
+
+A red herring is a type of rhetorical tactic, typically used to obfuscate, that involves referring to an irrelevant point. It can be thought of as a point, reference, or example, that distracts from the main point of a discussion or larger argument. 
+
+>**Example:** "Bacon must be healthy for people because I have a 95-year old grandmother who eats bacon every day!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#red_herring
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims - 4e6 antibody assay.md

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+# Claim
+
+>The 4E6 antibody assay makes poor distinctions between native and oxidized LDL.
+
+## Rebuttal
+
+Some criticize this study for the use of the [[4e6 antibody assay]], arguing that this assay is invalid due to supposedly making poor distinctions between native [[low-density lipoproteins]] (LDL) and [[oxidized low-density lipoproteins]] (oxLDL) [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15883220/). However, this is a [[red herring]], because if the 4E6 assay was truly making poor distinctions between oxLDL and native LDL, the two biomarkers would essentially be proxying for one another to the point of being either interchangeable or even being the same thing. In this scenario, the results of the model would suggest extreme [[multicollinearity]] as indicated by similarly (extremely) wide [[confidence intervals]] for both results.
+
+Wu et al. (2006) used the 4E6 assay to measure oxLDL and discovered that the association between oxLDL and heart disease does not survive adjustment for traditional risk factors like [[apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins]] or total cholesterol/[[high density lipoprotein cholesterol]] [(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16949489/). Essentially this means that after accounting for ApoB or TC/HDL, risk is more closely tracking ApoB or TC/HDL-C, and is not particularly likely to be tracking oxLDL at all. 
+
+If oxLDL and native LDL were truly proxying for one another in the model in this fashion, we'd expect the confidence intervals for each relative risk to be inflated and more likely non-significant. But, there is no evidence of extreme multicollinearity in the results. Therefore, it is unlikely that the 4E6 antibody assay is actually making poor distinctions between oxLDL and native LDL. This is important to consider, because the argument for extreme multicollinearity is the primary criticism used against the 4E6 antibody assay's usefulness. But the argument doesn't actually pan out.
+
+---
+
+## References 
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15883220/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16949489/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#4e6_antibody_assay
+#cardiology 
+#claims
+#lipidology 
+#low-density_lipoproteins 
+#oxidized_low-density_lipoproteins 
+#red_herring 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims - age-related macular degeneration.md

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+# Claim
+
+>Seed oils are unhealthy because linoleic acid causes degeneration of the retinal macula.
+
+## Rebuttal
+
+This claim is merely [[mechanistic speculation]]. The notion that seed oils increase the risk of [[age-related macular degeneration]] (AMD) is essentially a [[red herring]], because it has very little empirical support, with much of the human outcome data showing incredibly heterogeneous results. Across prospective cohort studies, [[linoleic acid]] (LA) associates with a non-significant decrease in the risk of AMD [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21402976/)[(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7786215/)[(3)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32181798/)[(4)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433719/)[(5)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433717/)[(6)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16832021/)[(7)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157315/).
+
+![[Pasted image 20240814192514.png]]
+
+Among the studies with the longest follow-up time, largest cohort size, best adjustment models, and the widest exposure contrasts, the results tended to be null. For example, Chong et al. (2009) adjusted for [[ lutein]], [[zeaxanthin]], and sources of [[omega-3]], which are inversely associated with AMD. Their results were non-significant for every exposure.
+
+The strongest study of all was Christen et al. (2011). Their analysis included three different adjustment models that help us better ascertain the relationship between AMD and seed oils. For example, their analysis showed that LA was associated with AMD only before adjustment for AMD risk factors, and that the association was likely a function of insufficient omega-3.
+
+>_“Women in the highest tertile of LA intake, relative to the lowest, had an age- and treatment-adjusted RR of 1.41 (95% CI, 1.03-1.94; P for trend=.03). However, the RR was attenuated and no longer significant after additional adjustment for AMD risk factors and other fats. The ratio of -6 to -3 fatty acids was directly associated with the risk of AMD, and the association was strengthened when the denominator term for-3 fatty acids included only DHA and EPA (Table 2).”_
+
+Essentially, seed oils may sometimes be acting as a correlate for low quality dietary patterns, such as the [[standard american diet]], but the seed oils themselves do not see, to independently increase the risk of AMD. Seed oils do tend to associate with dietary patterns that lack characteristics that tend to associate with a decreased risk. For example, diets that are high in seed oils tend to be low in [[carotenoids]] and omega-3, for example. After adjusting for those [[confounders]], the association vanishes.
+
+There is also [[mendelian randomization]] (MR) data from Wang et al. (2021) investigating the relationship between genetically elevated LA biomarkers and AMD [(8)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33982092/). In this multinational MR study of 8631 participants they applied three different statistical tests across two subgroups investigating different combinations of gene variants. In the aggregate, genetically increased plasma LA was consistently associated with a reduced risk of AMD, regardless of the test or gene variant subgrouping. Interestingly enough, tissue AA was actually positively associated with AMD, like we saw earlier with the previously mentioned MR research.
+
+---
+
+## References 
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21402976/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7786215/
+3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32181798/
+4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433719/
+5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433717/
+6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16832021/
+7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157315/
+8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33982092/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#ophthalmology
+#seed_oils  
+#macular_degeneration 
+#mechanistic_speculation 
+#fallacies  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims - ancestral intake levels.md

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+# Claim
+
+>Seed oils are unhealthy because we never consumed this much linoleic acid in our history.
+
+## Rebuttal
+
+Essentially, this claim is an [[appeal to nature]]. If one actually investigates adipose tissue samples, or acceptable proxies like breast milk fatty acids [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8237871/)[(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829413/), from [[traditional populations]] eating traditional diets, the [[linoleic acid]] (LA) percentage is non-inferior to that of levels in the [[LA Veterans Administration Hospital Study]] subject population at baseline. Which means the outcomes aren't explained by having too much LA in the diet at baseline (not that such an explanation would make any sense to begin with).
+
+![[Pasted image 20240714004122.png]]
+
+Overall, the results show that the LA intakes of traditional cultures was well in line with average intakes well into the 1970s, as the differences are not [[statistically significant]] different from the LA Veterans study population at baseline [(3)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22624983/)[(4)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16039290/)[(5)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.cp050117). Benefits to [[cardiovascular disease]] outcomes can be observed in LA Veterans.
+
+## References 
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8237871/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16829413/
+3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22624983/
+4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16039290/
+5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.cp050117
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#adipose_tissue
+#ancestral_diets
+#appeal_to_nature 
+#breast_milk
+#claims
+#diets 
+#linoleic_acid 
+#seed_oils  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims - cholestasis.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Claim
+
+>Seed oils are unhealthy because they cause cholestasis.
+
+## Rebuttal
+
+While partially true, this claim counts as a [[red herring]], because it's not actually seed oils simpliciter that causes [[cholestasis]]. In the [[LA Veterans Administration Hospital Study]], the seed oil group had a dose-dependent increase in gallstones [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4681896/). However, the most parsimonious way of explaining the effect is through hepatic [[phytosterol]] elimination leading to gallstones, not [[linoleic acid]] [(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9437703/)[(3)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812789/).
+
+Some seed oils, such as corn oil (the primary seed oil investigated in the LA Veterans trial), have extremely high concentrations of [[phytosterols]] [(4)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31404986/). At the doses investigated, this may be expected to cause issues, but these are not doses that people typically consume, even on the [[standard american diet]].
+
+---
+
+## References 
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4681896/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9437703/
+3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812789/
+4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31404986/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cholestasis
+#claims
+#gallstones 
+#la_veterans
+#liver_function 
+#phytosterols
+#red_herring 
+#seed_oils  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims - flow-mediated dilation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Claim
+
+>Seed oils are unhealthy because they decrease flow-mediated dilation.
+
+## Rebuttal
+
+This claim is merely [[mechanistic speculation]]. Even if this is true, studies show that these are postprandial changes in [[flow-mediated dilation]] (FMD), and there are no studies indicating that postprandial changes in FMD actually increase the risk of any particular disease or condition. Additionally, despite postprandial decreases in FMD, the opposite appears to hold true long term [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016869/). It appears as though [[linoleic acid]] consumption associates with favourable increases in FMD overall.
+
+---
+
+## References 
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016869/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cardiology 
+#claims 
+#endothelial_function
+#flow-mediated_dilation
+#mechanistic_speculation 
+#seed_oils  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims - oxidized plaque lipids.md

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# Claim
+
+>Seed oils are unhealthy because most lipids found in atheromas are oxidized.
+
+## Rebuttal
+
+This claim is merely [[mechanistic speculation]], and is an example of the [[ecological fallacy]]. Essentially, it is being posited that merely because atherosclerotic plaques contain high proportions of oxidized [[linoleic acid]] (LA), that said LA must have caused the atherosclerotic plaque to begin with. It is true that plaques contain very high proportions of oxidized LA [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10397689/)[(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8632720/). However, we must remember the pathophysiology of [[atherosclerosis]], which involves native [[low-density lipoproteins]] particles being irreversibly bound to [[proteoglycans]] in the [[subendothelial space]] [(3)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9637699/)[(4)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27472409/). Once bound, oxidation is inevitable. It's unclear that restricting seed oils will actually lead to reduced oxidized lipids in the plaque.
+
+---
+
+## References 
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10397689/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8632720/
+3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9637699/
+4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27472409/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#claims
+#ecological_fallacy
+#heart_disease
+#cardiology
+#low-density_lipoproteins
+#mechanistic_speculation
+#proteoglycans
+#seed_oils  
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/seed oil claims.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Table of Contents
+
+[[seed oil claims - age-related macular degeneration]]
+[[seed oil claims - ancestral intake levels]]
+[[seed oil claims - 4e6 antibody assay]]
+[[seed oil claims - cholestasis]]
+[[seed oil claims - flow-mediated dilation]]
+[[seed oil claims - oxidized plaque lipids]]
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#seed_oils
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/standard american diet.md

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+# Standard American Diet
+
+The Standard American Diet (SAD) is characterized by:
+
+1. High intake of [[processed foods]] and fast foods.
+2. Large portions of red meat and poultry.
+3. Liberal [[saturated fat]] and [[cholesterol]] intake
+4. Refined grains (white bread, pasta, rice).
+5. Added sugars, especially in beverages.
+6. High-fat dairy products.
+7. Relatively low consumption of fruits and vegetables.
+8. Frequent snacking on high-calorie, low-nutrient foods.
+9. High sodium content.
+
+This diet tends to be energy-dense but nutrient-poor, often leading to excessive calorie intake while lacking essential vitamins, minerals, and fibre. It's associated with various health issues, including [[obesity]], [[atherosclerosis]], and [[type 2 diabetes]].
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#diets
+#standard_american_diet 
+#processed_food
+#sugar
+#red_meat
+#saturated_fat 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/strawman.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Strawman
+
+A strawman fallacy is characterized by either intentionally or unintentionally misrepresenting your interlocutor's position or argument, such as to make said position or argument easier to attack. It is also the inverse of the Motte and Bailey fallacy, which is characterized by misrepresenting your own position or argument in order to make it easier to defend.
+
+>**Example:** "People who argue for taxation are pushing communism!"
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#fallacies 
+#strawman
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/subendothelial space.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Subendothelial Space
+
+The subendothelial space is a crucial component of blood vessel structure, located directly beneath the endothelium in the tunica intima. This thin layer serves as an interface between the endothelial cells lining the vessel lumen and the internal elastic lamina, which separates the intima from the media layer.
+
+Structurally, the subendothelial space consists of:
+
+- Loose connective tissue
+- Scattered smooth muscle cells
+- Extracellular matrix proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, [[proteoglycans]])
+
+This composition allows for some flexibility and resilience in the vessel wall while maintaining its integrity. The space plays a vital role in vascular physiology and pathology, particularly in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
+
+However, in certain types of [[cardiovascular disease]], such as [[atherosclerosis]], the subendothelial space becomes a critical site for disease progression. It can accumulate:
+
+- Lipids and [[lipoproteins]].
+- Inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages).
+- Cellular debris.
+
+These accumulations can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which may eventually compromise blood flow and vessel integrity.
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#cardiovascular_disease 
+#atherosclerosis 
+#cardiology
+#heart_attack 
+#heart_disease 
+#proteoglycans 
+#subendothelial_space 
+#hyperblog

💻 Hyperblog/Work/type 2 diabetes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
+
+Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder that fundamentally alters the body's ability to regulate glucose levels in the blood. At its core, it's a disease of insulin dysfunction, where the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does produce, typically precipitated by high energy status [(1)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25515001/)[(2)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29221645/).
+
+The disease affects multiple systems in the body:
+
+- It alters fat and protein metabolism, not just glucose handling.
+- It can lead to systemic [[inflammation]].
+- It affects vascular health, both in small and large blood vessels.
+
+# References
+
+1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25515001/
+2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29221645/
+
+---
+
+# Hashtags
+
+#type_2_diabetes
+#obesity
+#body_weight
+#hyperphagia 
+#inflammation
+#hyperblog